Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Virology

A

Study of viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which cell are the viruses unable to grow outside?

A

Host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the cell where the viruses are unable to grow outside

A

Living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the viruses

A

Obligate intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do these viruses require a living cell for?

2 points

A

Survival

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where are these viruses propagated on?

A

Tissue culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where aren’t these viruses propagated on?

A

Culture media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe this culture media (2 points)

A

Ordinary

Artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the viral particle known as?

A

Virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does each viral particle consist of?

A

Nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe this Nucleic acid

A

Genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 genetic materials where each viral particle consist of?

A

DNA
Or
RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are these DNA or RNA known as?

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe this part

A

Infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the genome code for?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which proteins does the genome code for?

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are these proteins necessary for?

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 forms of these proteins?

A

Non-structural

Structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is an example of a non-structural protein?

A

Nucleic acid polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which parts does the structural protein form?

A

Virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are these genetic materials found in?

A

Protein coat/shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe this protein coat/shell

A

Protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is this protective protein coat/shell known as?

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the capsid do with the genetic material?

A

Encloses it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the capsid and the nucleic acid together known as?

A

Nucleocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 functions of the capsid?

A

Protection
Attachment
Antigenic
Gives morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does this capsid protect?

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the virus use this capsid to attach to?

A

Host cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which mediated responses are directed against this capsid? (2 points)

A

Cellular

Humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which feature of the capsid in which these mediated responses are directed against?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What this capsid be?

A

Enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do some viruses acquire from the host?

A

Outer lipoprotein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Through what feature of the host do these viruses acquire this outer lipoprotein coat from?

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe this membrane (2 points)

A

Nuclear
Or
Cytoplasmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do these viruses acquire this outer lipoprotein coat from the host cell membrane?

A

Budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does this cell membrane always contain?

A

Glycoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe these glycoproteins

A

Unique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the enveloped viruses sensitive to?

A

Lipid solvent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Describe the size of the viruses

A

Small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What unit is used to measure the viruses?

A

Nanometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the size range of the viruses?

A

20-300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Which microscope are the viruses only visualized by?

A

Electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the viruses eliminated by?

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What doesn’t have an effect on the viruses?

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the viruses treated by?

A

Antiviral drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What can prevent viral infections?

A

Vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What do these vaccines produce?

A

Lifelong immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 3 characteristic shapes of the viruses?

A

Spherical
Helical
Polyhedron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the most common Polyhedron?

A

Icosahedron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What does the icosahedron have?

A

Triangular faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How many triangular faces does the icosahedron have?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What do these viruses sometimes have?

2 points

A

Tails

Envelopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the 7 principle events involved in the replication?

A 
Adsorption
Penetration
Uncoating
Eclipse phase
Synthesis

Assembly
Or
Maturation

Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the first step in infection of a cell which is involved in the adsorption?

A

Attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does this virus attach to?

A

Cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is recognized outside the cell ,on its surface?

A

Specific receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What feature of a virus attaches to these specific receptors that are found outside the cell , on its surface?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the 2 ways of penetration?

A

Fusion

Endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which viruses are involved in the fusion?

A

Enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What do these viruses fuse directly with?

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Which viruses are involved in the endocytosis?

A

Non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What do these non-enveloped viruses enter the cell by?

A

Invagination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is this invagination of?

A

Cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What do these viruses form when they enter the cell by the invaginations of the cell membrane?

A

Vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Where are these vesicles formed in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is released in the uncoating of the virus?

A

Genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where is this genome released form?

A

Capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is enabled as the genome is released from the capsid?

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What starts this replication?

A

Nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What cannot be recovered from the cell in the eclipse phase when the nucleic acid is uncoated?

A

Infectious virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What do the unrecovered infectious virions last until?

A

New virions are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is synthesized in the virus replication?

2 points

A

Nucleic acid

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What occurs in the synthesis of the nucleic acid and proteins?

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is transcribed in the synthesis of the nucleic acid and proteins?

A

mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is this mRNA transcribed from?

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does this mRNA code for?

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What happens to these proteins?

A

Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Where are these proteins translated by?

A

Host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What are the 3 proteins that the mRNA codes for?

A

Early
Late
Nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Describe the early proteins

A

Non-structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Describe the late proteins (2 points)

A

Structural

Building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What are these late proteins building blocks for?

A

Virion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does the nucleic acid undergo?

A

Replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What does the nucleic acid produce when it undergoes replication?

A

New genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What are assembled?

A

New virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is released in the final stage of the virus replication?

A

New infectious virions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are the 2 ways in which these new infectious virions are released?

A

Budding

Lytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What does the budding occur from?

A

Cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Which viruses make budding?

A

Enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What isn’t done to the cell by the budding viruses?

A

Killing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What does the lysis occur in?

A

Infected cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Which viruses make this lysis?

A

Non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

What are the 2 ways in which the virus can be transmitted by?

A

From person to person

From animal to person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the transmission of the virus from animal to person known as?

A

Zoonosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What are the 2 ways in which the virus is transmitted by from person to person?

A

Horizontal

Vertical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What is the person exposed to causing horizontal transmission? (6 points)

A 
Respiratory secretions
Saliva
Blood
Semen
Fecal contamination
Sexual transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What are the 2 respiratory secretions?

A

Airborne

Droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Through what is the person exposed to the infection from blood? (2 points)

A

Transfusion

Needle sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What is the fecal contamination of? (2 points)

A

Food

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Describe the occurrence of vertical transmission

A

Maternal to fetal/child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What does the vertical transmission occur across?

A

Placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

During what does the vertical transmission occur?

A

Breast feeding

103
Q

What are the 2 ways of animal to person transmission?

A

Direct

Indirect

104
Q

Describe the direct transmission of the infection from the animal to the person

A

When infected animals is exposed to human

105
Q

What is the indirect transmission of infection from animal to person?

A

Arthropod-borne

106
Q

What does the arthropod-borne done by?

A

Arbovirus

107
Q

What does the most common arthropod-borne transmission done by?

A

Mosquito

108
Q

What does the less common arthropod-borne transmission done by?

A

Ticks

109
Q

What are the 5 types of viral infection?

A

Subclinical
Acute
Persistent
Latent Transformation

110
Q

What is the most common viral infection?

A

Subclinical

111
Q

What aren’t present in the subclinical infections?

A

Sings

Symptoms

112
Q

Describe these signs and symptoms

A

Clinical

113
Q

What is the acute infection also known as?

A

Lytic

114
Q

What does the acute infection result in?

2 points

A

Destruction

Death

115
Q

What are destroyed and dead due to the acute infection?

A

Host cells

116
Q

What are the 2 types of acute infection?

A

Local

Systemic

117
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes local acute infection?

A

Rhinovirus

118
Q

Describe the mode of transmission of viruses that cause local acute infection

A

Respiratory

119
Q

What is the site of lesion caused by these viruses?

A

Portal of entry

120
Q

Describe the incubation period of the local acute infection

A

Short

121
Q

Describe the duration of immunity of local acute infection

A

Short

122
Q

Describe the role of igA in the local acute infection

A

Important

123
Q

What is absent in the local acute infection?

A

Viremia

124
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes systemic acute infection?

A

Measles

125
Q

Describe the mode of transmission of viruses that cause systemic acute infection

A

Respiratory

126
Q

Describe the site of lesion caused by these viruses

A

Distant

127
Q

Describe the incubation period of the systemic acute infection

A

Long

128
Q

Describe the duration of immunity of systemic acute infection

A

Life long

129
Q

Describe the role of IgA in systemic acute infection

A

Not important

130
Q

What is present in the systemic acute infection?

A

Viremia

131
Q

Describe the persistent infection

A

Chronic

132
Q

What may not occur to the host cell in the persistent infection?

A

Lysis

133
Q

Describe the time in which this infection occurs over

A

Long period

134
Q

Which virus causes this persistent infection?

A

Replicating

135
Q

What is an example of this virus?

A

Hepatitis B

136
Q

What doesn’t the virus undergo in the latent infection?

A

Replication

137
Q

What is present between the infection and the appearance of the symptoms?

A

Delay

138
Q

Describe the viruses in the latent infection

A

Dormant

139
Q

Which factors of the host trigger this dormant virus?

A

Stress

140
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes persistent infection?

A

Herpes virus

141
Q

What is the normal cell changed to in the transformation infection?

A

Tumor

142
Q

Which viruses are able to change the normal cell into a tumor?

A

Animal

143
Q

What is an example of these viruses?

A

Oncogenic viruses

144
Q

What are the 3 diagnostic methods in virology?

A

Direct detection
Isolation
Serological

145
Q

What are directly detected? (3 points)

A

Virion
Antigen
Nucleic acid

146
Q

Which virus is islolated?

A

Of clinical specimen

147
Q

Where is the virus of clinical specimen isolated in? (3 points)

A

Cell culture
Eggs
Animals

148
Q

Which diagnostic method of virology is used by the majority of common viruses?

A

Serology

149
Q

What are the 5 direct examinations of specimen?

A 
Electron microscopy
Immune electron microscopy 
Light microscopy
Antigen detection
Molecular techniques
150
Q

What is the electron microscopy required for?

2 points

A

Visualization

Detection

151
Q

What 2 features of viruses are identified by the electron microscopy?

A

Morphology

Size

152
Q

Which viruses are also detected by the electron microscopy?

A

That cannot be cultured

153
Q

What is used in the immune electron microscopy?

A

Specific antibody

154
Q

What is this specific antibody used for ?

A

Agglutination

155
Q

What is does this specific antibody agglutinate together?

A

Virions

156
Q

What is made easy as a result for these virions?

A

Recognition

157
Q

What 2 features of the electron microscopy are enhanced when the virus specific antibody is used?

A

Sensitivity

Specificity

158
Q

What feature of the viruses are detected and stained by the light microscopy?

A

Inclusion bodies

159
Q

What are the inclusion bodies?

A

Accumulation of virions

160
Q

Which site are these virions accumulated at?

A

Assembly

161
Q

What is an example of these inclusion bodies?

A

Negri bodies

162
Q

Which infection is where these Negri bodies seen in?

A

Rabies

163
Q

What are used to detect viral antigens?

A

Serological techniques

164
Q

What are the 4 serological techniques used to detect viral antigens?

A

Precipitation
Agglutination
Immunofluorescence
ELISA

165
Q

Which viruses are also detected by their antigens?

A

That cannot be cultured

166
Q

Which feature of viruses is detected by molecular techniques?

A

Genome

167
Q

What are the 2 ways used to detect the viral genome?

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

Polymerase chain reaction

168
Q

What is the polymerase chain reaction known as?

A

PCR

169
Q

Which viruses are also detected by their genome?

A

That cannot be cultured

170
Q

What are used for viral isolation in order for it to replicate? (3 points)

A

Tissue cell cultures
Fertilized eggs
Laboratory animals

171
Q

What are the most common method for virus isolation in most laboratories?

A

Tissue cell cultures

172
Q

What are these tissue cell cultures separated into? (3 points)

A

Primary cells
Semi-continuous diploid cells
Continuous cells

173
Q

Describe the primary cells (2 points)

A

Normal

Adult

174
Q

How many times can these cells be passaged?

2 points

A

Once
Or
Twice

175
Q

What is an example of these primary cells?

A

Monkey kidney

176
Q

What are the semi-continuous diploid cells taken from?

A

Embryonic tissue

177
Q

How many times are these cells passaged?

A

Up to 50

178
Q

What is an example of these semi-continuous diploid cells?

A

Human embryonic kidney

179
Q

Describe the continuous cells

A

Immortalized

180
Q

What are the 2 examples of these continuous cells?

A

Tumor cell lines

Hela cell

181
Q

Which tissues are these tumor cell lines derived from? (2 points)

A

Human
Or
Animal

182
Q

Describe the passage of these tumor cell lines

A

Indefinite

183
Q

Where are the hela cells obtained from?

A

Carcinoma

184
Q

What is this carcinoma of?

A

Cervix

185
Q

What are inoculated with suitable clinical specimens?

A

Cell monolayers

186
Q

What are these cells then observed for?

A

Cytological changes

187
Q

What feature of viruses is indicated by these cytological changes?

A

Growth

188
Q

What are detected for viral infected cell?

9 points

A 
Plaque formation
Cytopathic effect
Inclusion body formation
Direct fluorescent antibody stain
Antigens
Haemadsorption 
Interference 
Morphologic transformation
Neutralization test
189
Q

Which localized areas are the plaque formed in?

A

Of destructed cell

190
Q

Where is this destructed cell in?

A

Monolayer culture

191
Q

What are used for the plaques to appear?

A

Vital stains

192
Q

What do these plaques appear as with the vital stains?

A

Unstained areas

193
Q

Where are these unstained areas appear on?

A

Colored background

194
Q

What is each plaque a result of?

A

Infection

195
Q

How many cells are infected?

A

One

196
Q

How many viruses infect this one cell?

A

One

197
Q

What are the cytopathic effects known as?

A

CPE

198
Q

Describe these cytopathic effects

A

Destructive

199
Q

What feature of a virus causes microscopic destructive effects?

A

Growth

200
Q

Which site is also detected instead of the inclusion body?

A

Replication

201
Q

Which 2 stains are used to detect these inclusion bodies?

A

Hematoxylin

Eosin

202
Q

Describe the hematoxylin dye

A

Basic

203
Q

Describe the eosin dye

A

Acidic

204
Q

Which microscope is used to see these inclusion bodies?

A

Light

205
Q

What are the antigens?

A

Proteins

206
Q

Describe the viral antigens (2 points)

A

Soluble

Specific

207
Q

What are these antigens generally detected by?

A

Specific antibodies

208
Q

Which protein is detected by these specific antibodies?

A

Of interest

209
Q

What are the 2 tests used to detect these antigens?

A

Compliment fixation

Hemagglutination

210
Q

What is adsorbed in hemadsorption?

A

Erythrocytes

211
Q

Which cells are these erythrocytes adsorbed to?

A

Virally-infected

212
Q

Describe this reactive before any visible cytopathic changes

A

Positive

213
Q

What are the 2 viruses that are mainly detected by the hemadsorption?

A

Influenza

Parainfluenza

214
Q

Which virus is interfered?

A

Known non-cytopathic

215
Q

What is this virus used to interfere with?

A

Replication

216
Q

Which virus replication is interfered by the known non-cytopathic virus?

A

Cytopathic

217
Q

Where is the cytopathic virus replication interfered by the known non-cytopathic virus?

A

Infected cell

218
Q

Which viruses is the morphological transformation associated with the infection of?

A

Oncogenic

219
Q

What is lacked in the morphological transformation?

A

Contact inhibition

220
Q

What is neutralized in the neutralization test?

A

CPE

221
Q

What are used to neutralize the CPE?

A

Specific antisera

222
Q

What is detected so that Serological diagnosis is done? (3 points)

A

Increased antibody titers
IgM
Sero-conversion

223
Q

When does the IgM detected?

A

Recent infection

224
Q

What is changed in Sero-conversion?

A

Antibody state

225
Q

Which antibody state is changed in Sero-conversion?

A

Negative

226
Q

To which antibody state is changed in Sero-conversion?

A

Positive

227
Q

What are the 6 commonly used Serological tests?

A 
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (EIA)
Western blot (WB)
Immunofluorescence techniques (IF)
Complement fixation tests
Hemagglutination inhibition tests
Neutralization tests
228
Q

What do the Antiviral drugs target in the viral life cycle?

A

Steps

229
Q

When are the 2 steps that the Antiviral drugs target in the viral life cycle?

A

Before cell entry

During viral replication

230
Q

What does the drug do with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell ,before cell entry?

A

Interference

231
Q

What could the drug be similar to in a host cell so that it can interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?

A

Receptor

232
Q

What else does the drug do in order to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?

A

Inhibition

233
Q

What feature of a virus is inhibited by the drug in order to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?

A

Uncoating

234
Q

What are the 2 viruses that use these 2 ways to interfere with the ability of a virus to enter a target cell?

A

Amantadine

Rimantadine

235
Q

What is disease where Amantadine and Rimantadine treat and prevent?

A

Influenza

236
Q

What are involved the steps during viral replication which the Antiviral drug target? (4 points)

A

Nucleoside analogues
Protease inhibitors
Interferons
Release phase

237
Q

What do the Nucleoside analogues look like? (2 points)

A

RNA

DNA

238
Q

What do the Nucleoside analogues do as a result of their similar appearance to RNA or DNA?

A

Deactivation

239
Q

What do they deactivate?

A

Enzymes

240
Q

What are the 3 Nucleoside analogues that deactivate the enzymes?

A

Acyclovir guanine
Zidovudine (AZT)
Ribavirin

241
Q

Which infections is the Acyclovir guanine effective analogue?

A

Herpes

242
Q

What is a type of Zidovudine (AZT) analogue?

A

Thymidine

243
Q

Which enzyme does the Thymidine inhibit?

A

Reverse transcriptase

244
Q

Which virus has this Reverse transcriptase enzyme?

A

HIV

245
Q

What are used in the treatment of HIV infection? (2 points)

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Protease inhibitors

246
Q

What are the 2 protease inhibitors that deactivate the enzymes?

A

Indinavir

Saquinavir

247
Q

Which virus do Indinavir and Saquinavir target their stage of replication?

A

HIV

248
Q

Which stage of replication do Indinavir and Saquinavir inhibit?

A

Late

249
Q

What do the interferons inhibit so that they can inhibit viral replication?

A

mRNA

250
Q

What release is prevented by the Antiviral drugs in the release phase?

A

Virions

251
Q

What is an example of an Antiviral drugs that prevent the release of virions in the release phase?

A

Oseltamivir

252
Q

What is a type of Oseltamivir that prevent the release of virions in the release phase?

A

Tamiflu

253
Q

What does the Oseltamivir treat?

A

Influenza

Microbiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions