Chapter 1&2 Flashcards
Describe Microorganisms
Unicellular
What are Microorganisms only seen by?
LM
What can be seen by the naked eye?
Microbial colonies
Where are microbial colonies seen by the naked eye?
Culture
What are the 2 types of cells?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have?
Nucleus
Describe the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells
2 points
True
Membrane bound
Describe the occurrence of this nucleus, unlike Prokaryotic cells
Enclosed
What ,of a nucleus, is exactly enclosed?
DNA
Where is the nucleus’s DNA enclosed?
Nuclear membrane
Describe the nucleus in Prokaryotic cells
2 points
Primitive
Non-membrane bound
What is this primitive non-membrane bound nucleus known as?
Nucleoid
What do Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?
Membrane bound organelles
What are the 5 membrane bound organelles which Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Phagosome Lysosome
What are 4 examples of microorganisms?
Bacteria
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Describe a Bacteria
Unicellular
Which type of cell is Bacterial cell?
Prokaryotic
What is the unit used to measure Bacteria?
Micrometer
What is the Bacteria seen by?
LM
What type of cell is Fungal cell?
Eukaryotic
What feature characterizes Fungi?
Non-motile
What can Fungi do directly?
Absorption
What do Fungi directly absorb?
Nutrients
From where do Fungi directly absorb nutrients?
Environment
What are the 3 types of Fungi?
Mushroom
Mold
Yeast
What are Viruses made of? (2 points)
Nucleic acid
Protein
What are the 2 forms of nucleic acid which make up viruses?
DNA
Or
RNA
What do viruses lack?
Ribosomes
What are ribosomes essential for?
Protein synthesis
What cannot be done by the viruses due to their lack of ribosomes?
Generation
What cannot be generated by the viruses?
Energy
What are viruses considered as?
Obligate intracellular parasites
What made viruses considered as obligate intracellular parasites?
Replication
What are viruses replicated in association with?
Host cells
Which host cells are replicated in association with viruses?
Which they infect
What is the unit used to measure viruses?
Nanometer
What are viruses seen by?
EM
Describe Prions (2 points)
Protein
Agent
Describe this agent (2 points)
Infectious
Causative
What are Prions causative agents for?
Diseases
What are the 3 disease which Prions cause?
Degenerative nervous system
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt
Where do Degenerative Nervous System and Creutzfeldt diseases occur?
Human
Where does Degenerative Nervous System disease also occur?
Animal
Where does Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy disease occur?
Cattle
What are the 5 factors considered when identifying Bacteria?
Morphology Arrangement Size Stain reaction Motility
What are the 3 forms of Bacteria?
Bacillus
Coccus
Spiral
What are the 2 types of Spiral Bacteria?
Spirilla
Spirochetes
What are the bacteria formed according to?
Plane of cleavage
What are the 3 arrangements of bacteria formed according to plane of cleavage?
Diplo
Or
Chain
Clusters
What do these clusters look like?
Grape
Describe the plane of cleavage which forms diplo or chain bacteria
One
Describe the plane of cleavage which forms grape-like cluster bacteria
All
What is the diameter range of Bacteria?
0.2-1.2
What is the length range of Bacteria?
0.4-14
What are the 2 types of stains used?
Simple
Differential
What is the simple stain used for? (3 points)
Cells
Tissues
Bacteria
Describe the color of the simple stain used to stain them?
Same
What is an example of the simple stain
Methylene Blue
What does the Differential stain do?
Distinguish
What does the Differential stain distinguish between?
Different types of bacteria
What are the 2 types of Differential stain?
Gram’s
Ziehl-Neelsen
What does Gram’s stain do?
Divide bacteria
What are the bacteria divided into ,by Gram’s stain? (2 points)
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
What are these 2 bacteria different in which make them divisible by Gram’s stain?
Cell wall structure
What is the color of the Gram Positive bacteria stained by Gram’s stain?
Violet
What is the color of the Gram Negative bacteria stained by Gram’s stain?
Red
What are the 2 forms of Gram Positive bacteria and Gram Negative bacteria?
Cocci
Bacilli
What is an example of Gram Positive Cocci?
Staphylococcus aureus
What does this Staphylococcus Aureus cause?
Localized lesions
What is an example of these localized lesions that Staphylococcus Aureus cause?
Abscess
What is an example of Gram Negative Cocci?
Neisseria meningitidis
What does this Neisseria meningitidis cause?
Meningitis
What is an example of Gram Positive Bacilli?
Corynebacterium diphtheria
What does this Corynebacterium diphtheria cause?
Diphtheria
What is an example of Gram Negative Bacilli?
E.coli
What does E.coli cause?
Urinary tract infections
What is Ziehl-Nelsen stain known as?
Acid alcohol fast
What are the 2 bacteria which Ziehl-Nelsen stain identify?
Mycobacteria
M.tuberculosis
Describe the cell wall of these bacteria
Waxy
What are these bacteria stained with after being stained with Ziehl-Nelsen?
(2 points)
Carbon fuchsin
Counter stain methylene blue
Describe Carbon fuchsin stain
Strong
What is the color of these bacteria after being stained by the strong carbon fuchsin?
Red
How are these bacteria stained red by this strong carbon fuchsin?
Steaming
What happens after steaming?
Cooling
What happens after cooling?
Resistance
What do these bacteria resist?
Decolorization
What are these bacteria decolorized by, which they resist? (2 points)
Acid
Alcohol
What are these bacteria called due to their resistance of being decolorized by alcohol and acid?
Acid fast
What is counter stain methylene blue used for?
Other cells
What is the color of these other cells after being stained by the counter stain methylene blue?
Blue
How is the motility determined by?
Observing
What is observed to determine the motility?
Specimens
Describe these specimens
Living
What are the 3 ultrastructures of a Bacterial cell?
Cytoplasmic region
Cell envelope
Appendages
What does the cytoplasmic region contain?
4 points
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusion granules
Mesosomes
Describe bacterial nucleoid
DNA
Chromosome
Describe this DNA
Double-stranded
Describe the shape of this double-stranded DNA
Circular
How many circular double-stranded DNA are present in a bacterial cell?
Single
What is the unit used to measure the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?
mm
What is the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?
1mm
Describe this chromosome
Constitute
Describe the occurrence of this chromosome
Supercoiled
What is the function of this supercoiled constitute chromosome?
Replication
What does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with?
Mesosomes
Describe Mesosomes
Invaginations
Describe these invaginations
Folded
Where are these mesosomes found in the bacteria?
Specific site
Where is this specific site in which the Mesosomes are found on?
Cell membrane
What is the function of these Mesosomes?
Support
What do these Mesosomes support?
Enzymes
Describe these enzymes
Respiratory
What are these mesosomes involved in?
Spore-formation
During what does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with mesosomes? (2 points)
Cell:
Growth
Division
What are the 2 existence forms of bacterial nucleoid?
Free
Bounded
Where is the free bacterial nucleoid present?
Cytoplasm
What is the bacterial nucleoid bounded to?
Mesosomes
What is the bacterial ribosome a site of?
Protein synthesis
Describe Inclusions
Energy reserves
What are the 2 bacterial inclusions?
Carbon
Phosphate
What are the Carbon and Phosphate stored as?
Granules
What are the carbon granules stored?
Fat
What are the phosphate granules stored?
Volutin
What are the volutin granules
used in?
ATP synthesis
What is the Carbon also stored as?
Glycogen
What is the cell envelope made of? (2 points)
Cell membrane
Cell wall
What are the 3 layers which are not always present in a cell envelope?
Capsule
Glycocalyx
Slime
What is this cell membrane known as?
2 points
Cytoplasmic membrane
Plasma membrane
Describe this cytoplasmic membrane
Elastic
Describe the thickness of this cytoplasmic membrane
Thin
What does this cytoplasmic membrane surround?
Cytoplasm
What are the 5 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?
Absorption Respiration Excretion Multiplication Chemotactic system
Describe this absorption
Selective
What does the cytoplasmic membrane selectively absorb?
Nutrient elements
What are the 2 process used by the cytoplasmic membrane to selectively absorb nutrient elements?
Simple diffusion
Active transport
What does the cytoplasmic membrane excrete?
Enzymes
Describe these enzymes
Extracellular
What are the 2 functions of these extracellular enzymes?
Digestion
Destruction
What do these extracellular enzymes digest?
Large molecules
What is an example of the extracellular enzymes that digest large molecules?
Hydrolytic
What do these extracellular enzymes destroy?
Harmful substances
What is an example of these harmful substances destroyed by extracellular enzymes?
Antibiotics
What is an example of extracellular enzymes that destroy harmful substances such as antibodies?
Penicillin-degrading
What is formed from the cytoplasmic membrane during bacterial multiplication?
Septum
What is the function of this septum during bacterial multiplication?
Separation
What does this septum separate?
Bacterial cells
Describe these bacterial cells
New
How many bacterial cells are separated?
2
What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to in chemotactic system?
Message
Where is this message found on?
Surface
What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to surface message in chemotactic system by? (2 points)
Attractant
Repellant
What is the function of these attractants and repellants?
Bind
What do these attractants and repellants bind to?
Receptors
Describe the receptors where these attractants and repellants bind to
Specific
Describe an example of a bacteria which makes this Chemotactic system
Motile
What do these motile bacteria do in Chemotactic system?
Direct their movement
Which nutrient element do these motile bacteria direct their movement to?
Glucose
What is the Gram Negative bacteria characterized by? (2 points)
Outer membrane
Space
Describe this outer membrane (2 points)
Phospholipid-protein bilayer
Additional
What is this Phospholipid-protein bilayer made of?
Lipo-polysaccharide
What are the 2 functions of Lipo-polysaccharide?
Binds
Activates
What does the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?
Receptors
Describe these receptors
Specific
What are these specific receptors which the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?
TLR-4
What occurs when the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to TLR-4?
Activation
What is activated due to the binding of the Lipo-polysaccharide to TLR-4?
Macrophage
What can also be activated by the Lipo-polysaccharide?
B cells
Describe this activation
Non special
Which cell’s help wasn’t used in this activation?
GIT
What can the Lipo-polysaccharide be used for?
2 points
Serotype
Bacterial classification
Which layer is this outer membrane external to?
Peptidoglycan
Which Gram Negative bacterial form have a characteristic feature of this outer membrane?
Bacilli
What is this outer membrane considered as for the Gram Negative bacilli?
Endotoxins
Which Gram Negative bacilli cell produces Exotoxins?
Lysed
Where is the space found between?
Inner & outer membranes
What is this space known as?
Periplasmic space
What does the Gram Negative bacteria store?
Enzymes
Describe these enzymes
Degradative
Where are these degradative enzymes stored in?
Periplasmic space
Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying?
Low
Describe the response of Gram Negative bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Positive bacteria?
More resistant
What do Gram Positive bacteria lack?
Periplasmic space
What do these Gram Positive bacteria secrete instead of having a periplasmic space?
Exo-enzymes
What do these Gram Positive bacteria perform instead of having a periplasmic space?
Digestion
Describe this digestion
Extra-cellular
Why is this extra-cellular digestion needed?
Large molecules don’t easily pass across cell membrane
What does the Gram Positive bacteria produce?
Exotoxins
Which Gram Positive bacteria cell produces exotoxins?
Living
Describe the resistance of Gram Positive bacteria to drying?
High
Describe the response of Gram Positive bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Negative bacteria?
More susceptible
Describe the cell wall (3 points)
Rigid
Turgid
Strong
What does the cell wall have?
Some elasticity
What unit is used to measure the thickness of the cell wall?
μm
What is the thickness range of a cell wall?
10-25
Where is the cell wall located?
Outside cell membrane
What does this cell wall do to the cell membrane?
Surrounds it
What are the 2 functions of the cell wall?
Maintenance
Support
What feature of a bacteria does the cell wall maintain?
Shape
What does the cell wall support?
Cytoplasmic membrane
What feature of a bacteria is the cell wall involved in?
Multiplication
What is the cell wall responsible for?
Differences in staining behavior
What is the function of the Peptidoglycan?
Resistance
What does the Peptidoglycan resist?
Action
What action does the Peptidoglycan resist?
Lysozyme
What is the Peptidoglycan formed from?
4 points
Repeating units of:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(NAG)
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid(NAM)
Peptide side chains
What exactly in the Peptidoglycan resists lysozyme action?
Peptide side chains
What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Positive bacteria?
50%
Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria
Thick
What is also present in the cell wall of a Gram Positive bacteria?
Teichoic acid
Describe Teichoic acid
Polymer
What is Teichoic acid a polymer of?
2 points
Ribitol
Glycerol phosphate
Where is Teichoic acid also found in?
Cytoplasmic membrane
What are the Peptidoglycan and Teichoic acid considered as in Gram Positive Bacteria?
Major surfaces
What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Negative bacteria?
10%
Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Negative bacteria
Thin
What are the 2 types of cell wall-deficient bacteria?
L-form
Mycoplasma
What produces the L-form bacteria?
Enzymes
Describe these enzymes
Lytic
What are these enzymes lytic for?
Cell wall
What is an example of these lytic enzymes that produce the L-form bacteria?
Lysozyme
When can the L-form bacteria also be produced?
When treated
What are these L-form bacteria treated with?
Antibiotics
What do these antibiotics interfere with?
Peptidoglycan synthesis
What is an example of these antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?
Penicillin
How does the L-form bacteria respond to the antibiotic therapy?
Survive
What happens to their walled state?
Reversion
What does this reversed walled state produce?
Infection relapse
Describe the absence of the cell wall in the Mycoplasma
Natural
What does the Mycoplasma lack due to the natural absence of its cell wall?
Definite shape
Describe the response of the Mycoplasma towards antibiotics acting on cell wall
Resistant
What is an example of an antibiotic acting on cell wall which the Mycoplasma resist?
Penicillin-Cephalosporins
What is the function of the Capsule and the other surface layers?
Surround
What does the Capsule and the other surface layers surround?
The outside of the cell envelope
What is the capsule made of in most of the bacteria?
Polysaccharide
Where is the capsule formed?
In vivo
What is the capsule not essential to?
Cell viability
What are the 2 functions of the Capsule?
Protection
Resistance
What does the Capsule protect?
Cell wall
What does the Capsule protect the cell wall from?
Agents
Describe these agents
Antibacterial
What are the 3 antibacterial agents which the capsule protect the cell wall from?
Lysozyme
Bacteriophage
Complement
What does the capsule inhibit?
2 points
Water escape
Ingestion
What does the water escape into?
Environment
Describe the capsule as a result of this water escape inhibition
Resistant
What is the capsule resistant to?
Drying
The ingestion by what is inhibited by the capsule?
Phagocytes
What is the capsule considered as, as a result of ingestion inhibition by phagocytes?
Virulence factor
What can the capsule also be considered as?
2 points
Reserve
Depot
What is the capsule considered as a reserve for?
Certain nutrients
What is the capsule considered as a depot for?
Waste products
What does the Capsule help in?
Bacterial attachment
What does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?
Surface
Which surface does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?
Target
What is an example of a bacteria that adhere to a target surface?
Sterptococcus mutans
What is the target surface which the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?
Tooth
Which part of the tooth does the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?
Enamel
Which layer present in the Sterptococcus mutans adheres to the tooth enamel?
Glycocalyx
Describe Appendages
Proteins
What are the Appendages attached to?
Cell surface
What do the Appendages project through?
Cell wall
What are the 2 types of Appendages?
Flagella
Pili
Which proteins make up the flagella?
Flagellin
Describe this Flagellin
Antigenic
What are the Flagella responsible for in some bacteria?
Motility
What do the Flagella respond to? (2 points)
Chemical foodstuffs
Toxic materials
Describe these Chemical foodstuffs
Specific
Which process is used by the flagella to respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material?
Chemotaxis
How does the flagella respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material in Chemotaxis?
Move towards or away from them
Which microscopy cannot be used when observing Flagella?
Light
What is the Pili known as?
Fimbriae
Describe Pili
Projections
What do these projections look like?
Hair
What do the Pili allow?
Adhesion
What do the Pili allow adhesion to?
Epithelial surface
Which epithelial surface do the pili allow adhesion to?
Host
Where do the pili allow adhesion to host epithelial surface?
Infection
What are some pili involved in?
Sexual conjugation
What are the pili involved in sexual conjugation known as?
F factor
Describe this F factor
Long
What is the function of this F factor?
Transfer
What is does this F factor transfer?
DNA
What is does this F factor transfer DNA between?
Bacterial cells
What is a type of pili?
Axial filaments
What is the axial filaments made of?
Fibers
Describe the occurrence of these fibers in the axial filaments
Groups
How many groups of fibers are found in the axial filaments
2
What are these axial filaments responsible for?
Motility
What bacterial subform has these axial filaments?
Spirochetes
Which part of the cell do these axial filaments originate from?
Opposite ends
Describe the 2 movements of the axial filaments
Winding
Overlapping
What does the axial filaments wind about?
Bacterium
Within what does the axial filaments wind about the bacterium?
Periplasmic membrane
Where does the axial filaments overlap at?
Midpoint
What are the 3 movement of the Spirochetes generated as a result of the 2 axial filaments movements?
Rotation
Flexion
Bend
What does the Spirochetes rotate along?
Axis
Describe this axis
Longitudinal
What feature of the Spirochetes does it flex and bend along?
Length
According to what are bacteria identified?
Position of Endospores
What is an example of a bacteria which is identified by the position of Endospores?
Cl.Tetani
What is the position of the Endospores in Cl.Tetani?
Terminal
What forms the Endospores?
Some bacteria
Which 2 bacteria are the Endospores most commonly found in?
Genera:
bacillus
clostridium
Describe these Endospores
Resistant
What do these Endospores resist?
3 points
Adverse conditions
Heat
Disinfectant
What are the 2 adverse conditions which these Endospores resist to?
Lack of nutrients
Change of growth requirements
What are the 3 growth requirements which are changed?
pH
Temperature
Oxygen tension
What happens to the Endospores when the good nutritional conditions are restored back?
Germinate
What do the Endospores produce when they germinate?
Vegetative cells
How many vegetative cells does the Endospores produce when they germinate?
Single
What is involved in the heat resistance of these Endospores?
Calcium dipicolinate
Where are these Calcium dipicolinate found in these Endospores?
Cytoplasm
Describe the cytoplasm of these Endospores
Dehydrated
What is also affected in these Endospores?
Metabolic activity
Describe the metabolic activity in the Endospores
Low
What 2 features of the bacteria do Endospores lack?
Growth
Multiplication
What has a role in the process of Sporulation?
Cytoplasmic membrane
What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in the process of Sporulation?
Encloses part of the cytoplasm
What is this part of the cytoplasm enclosed in?(2 points)
Cortex
Coat
Describe the thickness of this cortex
Thick
What is the function of this thick cortex?
Resistance
What does this thick cortex resist?
Water evaporation
What does this part of the cytoplasm contain? (2 points)
Chromosome
Ribosomes
What are the other materials which are present in this part of the cytoplasm needed for?
Germination
What is the temperature where the Endospores are heated up to when they resist to disinfectant?
100°C
What are the Endospores only killed by?
Moist heat
At which temperature are the Endospores heated to, by moist heat?
120°C
For how long does the moist heating at 120°C last in order to kill the Endospores?
20 min
What is the alternative temperature at which the Endospores are heated to, by moist heat?
134°C
For how long does the moist heating at 134°C last in order to kill the Endospores?
10 min
Which stain cannot be used with Endospores?
Gram stain
What are the 2 features of the Endospore which prevent it from being stained by Gram stain?
Cortex
Coat
Describe the Endospores when stained with Gram stain
Colorless
Which stain is used with Endospores?
Ziehl-Nelseen
Describe the Ziehl-Nelseen stain used with the Endospores
Modified
What is this modified Ziehl-Nelseen stain known as?
Spore stain
What is the color of the Endospores with this spore stain?
Red
Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying
Low
