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Microbiology > Chapter 1&2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1&2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe Microorganisms

A

Unicellular

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2
Q

What are Microorganisms only seen by?

A

LM

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3
Q

What can be seen by the naked eye?

A

Microbial colonies

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4
Q

Where are microbial colonies seen by the naked eye?

A

Culture

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

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6
Q

What do Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have?

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Describe the nucleus in Eukaryotic cells

2 points

A

True

Membrane bound

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8
Q

Describe the occurrence of this nucleus, unlike Prokaryotic cells

A

Enclosed

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9
Q

What ,of a nucleus, is exactly enclosed?

A

DNA

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10
Q

Where is the nucleus’s DNA enclosed?

A

Nuclear membrane

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11
Q

Describe the nucleus in Prokaryotic cells

2 points

A

Primitive

Non-membrane bound

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12
Q

What is this primitive non-membrane bound nucleus known as?

A

Nucleoid

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13
Q

What do Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?

A

Membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

What are the 5 membrane bound organelles which Prokaryotic cells lack, unlike Eukaryotic cells?

A 
Mitochondria 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi body
Phagosome
Lysosome
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15
Q

What are 4 examples of microorganisms?

A

Bacteria
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia

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16
Q

Describe a Bacteria

A

Unicellular

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17
Q

Which type of cell is Bacterial cell?

A

Prokaryotic

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18
Q

What is the unit used to measure Bacteria?

A

Micrometer

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19
Q

What is the Bacteria seen by?

A

LM

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20
Q

What type of cell is Fungal cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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21
Q

What feature characterizes Fungi?

A

Non-motile

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22
Q

What can Fungi do directly?

A

Absorption

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23
Q

What do Fungi directly absorb?

A

Nutrients

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24
Q

From where do Fungi directly absorb nutrients?

A

Environment

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25
Q

What are the 3 types of Fungi?

A

Mushroom
Mold
Yeast

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26
Q

What are Viruses made of? (2 points)

A

Nucleic acid

Protein

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27
Q

What are the 2 forms of nucleic acid which make up viruses?

A

DNA
Or
RNA

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28
Q

What do viruses lack?

A

Ribosomes

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29
Q

What are ribosomes essential for?

A

Protein synthesis

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30
Q

What cannot be done by the viruses due to their lack of ribosomes?

A

Generation

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31
Q

What cannot be generated by the viruses?

A

Energy

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32
Q

What are viruses considered as?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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33
Q

What made viruses considered as obligate intracellular parasites?

A

Replication

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34
Q

What are viruses replicated in association with?

A

Host cells

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35
Q

Which host cells are replicated in association with viruses?

A

Which they infect

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36
Q

What is the unit used to measure viruses?

A

Nanometer

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37
Q

What are viruses seen by?

A

EM

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38
Q

Describe Prions (2 points)

A

Protein

Agent

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39
Q

Describe this agent (2 points)

A

Infectious

Causative

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40
Q

What are Prions causative agents for?

A

Diseases

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41
Q

What are the 3 disease which Prions cause?

A

Degenerative nervous system
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Creutzfeldt

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42
Q

Where do Degenerative Nervous System and Creutzfeldt diseases occur?

A

Human

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43
Q

Where does Degenerative Nervous System disease also occur?

A

Animal

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44
Q

Where does Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy disease occur?

A

Cattle

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45
Q

What are the 5 factors considered when identifying Bacteria?

A 
Morphology
Arrangement 
Size
Stain reaction
Motility
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46
Q

What are the 3 forms of Bacteria?

A

Bacillus
Coccus
Spiral

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47
Q

What are the 2 types of Spiral Bacteria?

A

Spirilla

Spirochetes

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48
Q

What are the bacteria formed according to?

A

Plane of cleavage

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49
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of bacteria formed according to plane of cleavage?

A

Diplo
Or
Chain

Clusters

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50
Q

What do these clusters look like?

A

Grape

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51
Q

Describe the plane of cleavage which forms diplo or chain bacteria

A

One

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52
Q

Describe the plane of cleavage which forms grape-like cluster bacteria

A

All

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53
Q

What is the diameter range of Bacteria?

A

0.2-1.2

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54
Q

What is the length range of Bacteria?

A

0.4-14

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55
Q

What are the 2 types of stains used?

A

Simple

Differential

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56
Q

What is the simple stain used for? (3 points)

A

Cells
Tissues
Bacteria

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57
Q

Describe the color of the simple stain used to stain them?

A

Same

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58
Q

What is an example of the simple stain

A

Methylene Blue

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59
Q

What does the Differential stain do?

A

Distinguish

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60
Q

What does the Differential stain distinguish between?

A

Different types of bacteria

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61
Q

What are the 2 types of Differential stain?

A

Gram’s

Ziehl-Neelsen

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62
Q

What does Gram’s stain do?

A

Divide bacteria

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63
Q

What are the bacteria divided into ,by Gram’s stain? (2 points)

A

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

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64
Q

What are these 2 bacteria different in which make them divisible by Gram’s stain?

A

Cell wall structure

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65
Q

What is the color of the Gram Positive bacteria stained by Gram’s stain?

A

Violet

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66
Q

What is the color of the Gram Negative bacteria stained by Gram’s stain?

A

Red

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67
Q

What are the 2 forms of Gram Positive bacteria and Gram Negative bacteria?

A

Cocci

Bacilli

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68
Q

What is an example of Gram Positive Cocci?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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69
Q

What does this Staphylococcus Aureus cause?

A

Localized lesions

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70
Q

What is an example of these localized lesions that Staphylococcus Aureus cause?

A

Abscess

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71
Q

What is an example of Gram Negative Cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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72
Q

What does this Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

Meningitis

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73
Q

What is an example of Gram Positive Bacilli?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

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74
Q

What does this Corynebacterium diphtheria cause?

A

Diphtheria

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75
Q

What is an example of Gram Negative Bacilli?

A

E.coli

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76
Q

What does E.coli cause?

A

Urinary tract infections

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77
Q

What is Ziehl-Nelsen stain known as?

A

Acid alcohol fast

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78
Q

What are the 2 bacteria which Ziehl-Nelsen stain identify?

A

Mycobacteria

M.tuberculosis

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79
Q

Describe the cell wall of these bacteria

A

Waxy

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80
Q

What are these bacteria stained with after being stained with Ziehl-Nelsen?
(2 points)

A

Carbon fuchsin

Counter stain methylene blue

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81
Q

Describe Carbon fuchsin stain

A

Strong

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82
Q

What is the color of these bacteria after being stained by the strong carbon fuchsin?

A

Red

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83
Q

How are these bacteria stained red by this strong carbon fuchsin?

A

Steaming

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84
Q

What happens after steaming?

A

Cooling

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85
Q

What happens after cooling?

A

Resistance

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86
Q

What do these bacteria resist?

A

Decolorization

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87
Q

What are these bacteria decolorized by, which they resist? (2 points)

A

Acid

Alcohol

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88
Q

What are these bacteria called due to their resistance of being decolorized by alcohol and acid?

A

Acid fast

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89
Q

What is counter stain methylene blue used for?

A

Other cells

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90
Q

What is the color of these other cells after being stained by the counter stain methylene blue?

A

Blue

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91
Q

How is the motility determined by?

A

Observing

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92
Q

What is observed to determine the motility?

A

Specimens

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93
Q

Describe these specimens

A

Living

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94
Q

What are the 3 ultrastructures of a Bacterial cell?

A

Cytoplasmic region
Cell envelope
Appendages

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95
Q

What does the cytoplasmic region contain?

4 points

A

Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusion granules
Mesosomes

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96
Q

Describe bacterial nucleoid

A

DNA

Chromosome

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97
Q

Describe this DNA

A

Double-stranded

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98
Q

Describe the shape of this double-stranded DNA

A

Circular

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99
Q

How many circular double-stranded DNA are present in a bacterial cell?

A

Single

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100
Q

What is the unit used to measure the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?

A

mm

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101
Q

What is the length of this single circular double-stranded DNA?

A

1mm

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102
Q

Describe this chromosome

A

Constitute

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103
Q

Describe the occurrence of this chromosome

A

Supercoiled

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104
Q

What is the function of this supercoiled constitute chromosome?

A

Replication

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105
Q

What does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with?

A

Mesosomes

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106
Q

Describe Mesosomes

A

Invaginations

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107
Q

Describe these invaginations

A

Folded

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108
Q

Where are these mesosomes found in the bacteria?

A

Specific site

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109
Q

Where is this specific site in which the Mesosomes are found on?

A

Cell membrane

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110
Q

What is the function of these Mesosomes?

A

Support

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111
Q

What do these Mesosomes support?

A

Enzymes

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112
Q

Describe these enzymes

A

Respiratory

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113
Q

What are these mesosomes involved in?

A

Spore-formation

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114
Q

During what does this supercoiled constitute chromosome replicate in coordination with mesosomes? (2 points)

A

Cell:
Growth
Division

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115
Q

What are the 2 existence forms of bacterial nucleoid?

A

Free

Bounded

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116
Q

Where is the free bacterial nucleoid present?

A

Cytoplasm

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117
Q

What is the bacterial nucleoid bounded to?

A

Mesosomes

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118
Q

What is the bacterial ribosome a site of?

A

Protein synthesis

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119
Q

Describe Inclusions

A

Energy reserves

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120
Q

What are the 2 bacterial inclusions?

A

Carbon

Phosphate

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121
Q

What are the Carbon and Phosphate stored as?

A

Granules

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122
Q

What are the carbon granules stored?

A

Fat

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123
Q

What are the phosphate granules stored?

A

Volutin

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124
Q

What are the volutin granules

used in?

A

ATP synthesis

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125
Q

What is the Carbon also stored as?

A

Glycogen

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126
Q

What is the cell envelope made of? (2 points)

A

Cell membrane

Cell wall

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127
Q

What are the 3 layers which are not always present in a cell envelope?

A

Capsule
Glycocalyx
Slime

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128
Q

What is this cell membrane known as?

2 points

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

Plasma membrane

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129
Q

Describe this cytoplasmic membrane

A

Elastic

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130
Q

Describe the thickness of this cytoplasmic membrane

A

Thin

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131
Q

What does this cytoplasmic membrane surround?

A

Cytoplasm

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132
Q

What are the 5 functions of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A 
Absorption 
Respiration
Excretion 
Multiplication 
Chemotactic system
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133
Q

Describe this absorption

A

Selective

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134
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane selectively absorb?

A

Nutrient elements

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135
Q

What are the 2 process used by the cytoplasmic membrane to selectively absorb nutrient elements?

A

Simple diffusion

Active transport

136
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane excrete?

A

Enzymes

137
Q

Describe these enzymes

A

Extracellular

138
Q

What are the 2 functions of these extracellular enzymes?

A

Digestion

Destruction

139
Q

What do these extracellular enzymes digest?

A

Large molecules

140
Q

What is an example of the extracellular enzymes that digest large molecules?

A

Hydrolytic

141
Q

What do these extracellular enzymes destroy?

A

Harmful substances

142
Q

What is an example of these harmful substances destroyed by extracellular enzymes?

A

Antibiotics

143
Q

What is an example of extracellular enzymes that destroy harmful substances such as antibodies?

A

Penicillin-degrading

144
Q

What is formed from the cytoplasmic membrane during bacterial multiplication?

A

Septum

145
Q

What is the function of this septum during bacterial multiplication?

A

Separation

146
Q

What does this septum separate?

A

Bacterial cells

147
Q

Describe these bacterial cells

A

New

148
Q

How many bacterial cells are separated?

A

2

149
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to in chemotactic system?

A

Message

150
Q

Where is this message found on?

A

Surface

151
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane respond to surface message in chemotactic system by? (2 points)

A

Attractant

Repellant

152
Q

What is the function of these attractants and repellants?

A

Bind

153
Q

What do these attractants and repellants bind to?

A

Receptors

154
Q

Describe the receptors where these attractants and repellants bind to

A

Specific

155
Q

Describe an example of a bacteria which makes this Chemotactic system

A

Motile

156
Q

What do these motile bacteria do in Chemotactic system?

A

Direct their movement

157
Q

Which nutrient element do these motile bacteria direct their movement to?

A

Glucose

158
Q

What is the Gram Negative bacteria characterized by? (2 points)

A

Outer membrane

Space

159
Q

Describe this outer membrane (2 points)

A

Phospholipid-protein bilayer

Additional

160
Q

What is this Phospholipid-protein bilayer made of?

A

Lipo-polysaccharide

161
Q

What are the 2 functions of Lipo-polysaccharide?

A

Binds

Activates

162
Q

What does the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?

A

Receptors

163
Q

Describe these receptors

A

Specific

164
Q

What are these specific receptors which the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to?

A

TLR-4

165
Q

What occurs when the Lipo-polysaccharide binds to TLR-4?

A

Activation

166
Q

What is activated due to the binding of the Lipo-polysaccharide to TLR-4?

A

Macrophage

167
Q

What can also be activated by the Lipo-polysaccharide?

A

B cells

168
Q

Describe this activation

A

Non special

169
Q

Which cell’s help wasn’t used in this activation?

A

GIT

170
Q

What can the Lipo-polysaccharide be used for?

2 points

A

Serotype

Bacterial classification

171
Q

Which layer is this outer membrane external to?

A

Peptidoglycan

172
Q

Which Gram Negative bacterial form have a characteristic feature of this outer membrane?

A

Bacilli

173
Q

What is this outer membrane considered as for the Gram Negative bacilli?

A

Endotoxins

174
Q

Which Gram Negative bacilli cell produces Exotoxins?

A

Lysed

175
Q

Where is the space found between?

A

Inner & outer membranes

176
Q

What is this space known as?

A

Periplasmic space

177
Q

What does the Gram Negative bacteria store?

A

Enzymes

178
Q

Describe these enzymes

A

Degradative

179
Q

Where are these degradative enzymes stored in?

A

Periplasmic space

180
Q

Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying?

A

Low

181
Q

Describe the response of Gram Negative bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Positive bacteria?

A

More resistant

182
Q

What do Gram Positive bacteria lack?

A

Periplasmic space

183
Q

What do these Gram Positive bacteria secrete instead of having a periplasmic space?

A

Exo-enzymes

184
Q

What do these Gram Positive bacteria perform instead of having a periplasmic space?

A

Digestion

185
Q

Describe this digestion

A

Extra-cellular

186
Q

Why is this extra-cellular digestion needed?

A

Large molecules don’t easily pass across cell membrane

187
Q

What does the Gram Positive bacteria produce?

A

Exotoxins

188
Q

Which Gram Positive bacteria cell produces exotoxins?

A

Living

189
Q

Describe the resistance of Gram Positive bacteria to drying?

A

High

190
Q

Describe the response of Gram Positive bacteria to antibiotics in contrast with Gram Negative bacteria?

A

More susceptible

191
Q

Describe the cell wall (3 points)

A

Rigid
Turgid
Strong

192
Q

What does the cell wall have?

A

Some elasticity

193
Q

What unit is used to measure the thickness of the cell wall?

A

μm

194
Q

What is the thickness range of a cell wall?

A

10-25

195
Q

Where is the cell wall located?

A

Outside cell membrane

196
Q

What does this cell wall do to the cell membrane?

A

Surrounds it

197
Q

What are the 2 functions of the cell wall?

A

Maintenance

Support

198
Q

What feature of a bacteria does the cell wall maintain?

A

Shape

199
Q

What does the cell wall support?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

200
Q

What feature of a bacteria is the cell wall involved in?

A

Multiplication

201
Q

What is the cell wall responsible for?

A

Differences in staining behavior

202
Q

What is the function of the Peptidoglycan?

A

Resistance

203
Q

What does the Peptidoglycan resist?

A

Action

204
Q

What action does the Peptidoglycan resist?

A

Lysozyme

205
Q

What is the Peptidoglycan formed from?

4 points

A

Repeating units of:
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(NAG)
N-acetyl-D-muramic acid(NAM)
Peptide side chains

206
Q

What exactly in the Peptidoglycan resists lysozyme action?

A

Peptide side chains

207
Q

What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Positive bacteria?

A

50%

208
Q

Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Positive bacteria

A

Thick

209
Q

What is also present in the cell wall of a Gram Positive bacteria?

A

Teichoic acid

210
Q

Describe Teichoic acid

A

Polymer

211
Q

What is Teichoic acid a polymer of?

2 points

A

Ribitol

Glycerol phosphate

212
Q

Where is Teichoic acid also found in?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

213
Q

What are the Peptidoglycan and Teichoic acid considered as in Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Major surfaces

214
Q

What is the percentage of Peptidoglycan in Gram Negative bacteria?

A

10%

215
Q

Describe the thickness of Peptidoglycan layer in Gram Negative bacteria

A

Thin

216
Q

What are the 2 types of cell wall-deficient bacteria?

A

L-form

Mycoplasma

217
Q

What produces the L-form bacteria?

A

Enzymes

218
Q

Describe these enzymes

A

Lytic

219
Q

What are these enzymes lytic for?

A

Cell wall

220
Q

What is an example of these lytic enzymes that produce the L-form bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

221
Q

When can the L-form bacteria also be produced?

A

When treated

222
Q

What are these L-form bacteria treated with?

A

Antibiotics

223
Q

What do these antibiotics interfere with?

A

Peptidoglycan synthesis

224
Q

What is an example of these antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

Penicillin

225
Q

How does the L-form bacteria respond to the antibiotic therapy?

A

Survive

226
Q

What happens to their walled state?

A

Reversion

227
Q

What does this reversed walled state produce?

A

Infection relapse

228
Q

Describe the absence of the cell wall in the Mycoplasma

A

Natural

229
Q

What does the Mycoplasma lack due to the natural absence of its cell wall?

A

Definite shape

230
Q

Describe the response of the Mycoplasma towards antibiotics acting on cell wall

A

Resistant

231
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic acting on cell wall which the Mycoplasma resist?

A

Penicillin-Cephalosporins

232
Q

What is the function of the Capsule and the other surface layers?

A

Surround

233
Q

What does the Capsule and the other surface layers surround?

A

The outside of the cell envelope

234
Q

What is the capsule made of in most of the bacteria?

A

Polysaccharide

235
Q

Where is the capsule formed?

A

In vivo

236
Q

What is the capsule not essential to?

A

Cell viability

237
Q

What are the 2 functions of the Capsule?

A

Protection

Resistance

238
Q

What does the Capsule protect?

A

Cell wall

239
Q

What does the Capsule protect the cell wall from?

A

Agents

240
Q

Describe these agents

A

Antibacterial

241
Q

What are the 3 antibacterial agents which the capsule protect the cell wall from?

A

Lysozyme
Bacteriophage
Complement

242
Q

What does the capsule inhibit?

2 points

A

Water escape

Ingestion

243
Q

What does the water escape into?

A

Environment

244
Q

Describe the capsule as a result of this water escape inhibition

A

Resistant

245
Q

What is the capsule resistant to?

A

Drying

246
Q

The ingestion by what is inhibited by the capsule?

A

Phagocytes

247
Q

What is the capsule considered as, as a result of ingestion inhibition by phagocytes?

A

Virulence factor

248
Q

What can the capsule also be considered as?

2 points

A

Reserve

Depot

249
Q

What is the capsule considered as a reserve for?

A

Certain nutrients

250
Q

What is the capsule considered as a depot for?

A

Waste products

251
Q

What does the Capsule help in?

A

Bacterial attachment

252
Q

What does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?

A

Surface

253
Q

Which surface does the Capsule help the bacteria to attach to?

A

Target

254
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that adhere to a target surface?

A

Sterptococcus mutans

255
Q

What is the target surface which the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?

A

Tooth

256
Q

Which part of the tooth does the Sterptococcus mutans adhere to?

A

Enamel

257
Q

Which layer present in the Sterptococcus mutans adheres to the tooth enamel?

A

Glycocalyx

258
Q

Describe Appendages

A

Proteins

259
Q

What are the Appendages attached to?

A

Cell surface

260
Q

What do the Appendages project through?

A

Cell wall

261
Q

What are the 2 types of Appendages?

A

Flagella

Pili

262
Q

Which proteins make up the flagella?

A

Flagellin

263
Q

Describe this Flagellin

A

Antigenic

264
Q

What are the Flagella responsible for in some bacteria?

A

Motility

265
Q

What do the Flagella respond to? (2 points)

A

Chemical foodstuffs

Toxic materials

266
Q

Describe these Chemical foodstuffs

A

Specific

267
Q

Which process is used by the flagella to respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material?

A

Chemotaxis

268
Q

How does the flagella respond to these specific chemical foodstuffs and toxic material in Chemotaxis?

A

Move towards or away from them

269
Q

Which microscopy cannot be used when observing Flagella?

A

Light

270
Q

What is the Pili known as?

A

Fimbriae

271
Q

Describe Pili

A

Projections

272
Q

What do these projections look like?

A

Hair

273
Q

What do the Pili allow?

A

Adhesion

274
Q

What do the Pili allow adhesion to?

A

Epithelial surface

275
Q

Which epithelial surface do the pili allow adhesion to?

A

Host

276
Q

Where do the pili allow adhesion to host epithelial surface?

A

Infection

277
Q

What are some pili involved in?

A

Sexual conjugation

278
Q

What are the pili involved in sexual conjugation known as?

A

F factor

279
Q

Describe this F factor

A

Long

280
Q

What is the function of this F factor?

A

Transfer

281
Q

What is does this F factor transfer?

A

DNA

282
Q

What is does this F factor transfer DNA between?

A

Bacterial cells

283
Q

What is a type of pili?

A

Axial filaments

284
Q

What is the axial filaments made of?

A

Fibers

285
Q

Describe the occurrence of these fibers in the axial filaments

A

Groups

286
Q

How many groups of fibers are found in the axial filaments

A

2

287
Q

What are these axial filaments responsible for?

A

Motility

288
Q

What bacterial subform has these axial filaments?

A

Spirochetes

289
Q

Which part of the cell do these axial filaments originate from?

A

Opposite ends

290
Q

Describe the 2 movements of the axial filaments

A

Winding

Overlapping

291
Q

What does the axial filaments wind about?

A

Bacterium

292
Q

Within what does the axial filaments wind about the bacterium?

A

Periplasmic membrane

293
Q

Where does the axial filaments overlap at?

A

Midpoint

294
Q

What are the 3 movement of the Spirochetes generated as a result of the 2 axial filaments movements?

A

Rotation
Flexion
Bend

295
Q

What does the Spirochetes rotate along?

A

Axis

296
Q

Describe this axis

A

Longitudinal

297
Q

What feature of the Spirochetes does it flex and bend along?

A

Length

298
Q

According to what are bacteria identified?

A

Position of Endospores

299
Q

What is an example of a bacteria which is identified by the position of Endospores?

A

Cl.Tetani

300
Q

What is the position of the Endospores in Cl.Tetani?

A

Terminal

301
Q

What forms the Endospores?

A

Some bacteria

302
Q

Which 2 bacteria are the Endospores most commonly found in?

A

Genera:
bacillus
clostridium

303
Q

Describe these Endospores

A

Resistant

304
Q

What do these Endospores resist?

3 points

A

Adverse conditions
Heat
Disinfectant

305
Q

What are the 2 adverse conditions which these Endospores resist to?

A

Lack of nutrients

Change of growth requirements

306
Q

What are the 3 growth requirements which are changed?

A

pH
Temperature
Oxygen tension

307
Q

What happens to the Endospores when the good nutritional conditions are restored back?

A

Germinate

308
Q

What do the Endospores produce when they germinate?

A

Vegetative cells

309
Q

How many vegetative cells does the Endospores produce when they germinate?

A

Single

310
Q

What is involved in the heat resistance of these Endospores?

A

Calcium dipicolinate

311
Q

Where are these Calcium dipicolinate found in these Endospores?

A

Cytoplasm

312
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of these Endospores

A

Dehydrated

313
Q

What is also affected in these Endospores?

A

Metabolic activity

314
Q

Describe the metabolic activity in the Endospores

A

Low

315
Q

What 2 features of the bacteria do Endospores lack?

A

Growth

Multiplication

316
Q

What has a role in the process of Sporulation?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

317
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane in the process of Sporulation?

A

Encloses part of the cytoplasm

318
Q

What is this part of the cytoplasm enclosed in?(2 points)

A

Cortex

Coat

319
Q

Describe the thickness of this cortex

A

Thick

320
Q

What is the function of this thick cortex?

A

Resistance

321
Q

What does this thick cortex resist?

A

Water evaporation

322
Q

What does this part of the cytoplasm contain? (2 points)

A

Chromosome

Ribosomes

323
Q

What are the other materials which are present in this part of the cytoplasm needed for?

A

Germination

324
Q

What is the temperature where the Endospores are heated up to when they resist to disinfectant?

A

100°C

325
Q

What are the Endospores only killed by?

A

Moist heat

326
Q

At which temperature are the Endospores heated to, by moist heat?

A

120°C

327
Q

For how long does the moist heating at 120°C last in order to kill the Endospores?

A

20 min

328
Q

What is the alternative temperature at which the Endospores are heated to, by moist heat?

A

134°C

329
Q

For how long does the moist heating at 134°C last in order to kill the Endospores?

A

10 min

330
Q

Which stain cannot be used with Endospores?

A

Gram stain

331
Q

What are the 2 features of the Endospore which prevent it from being stained by Gram stain?

A

Cortex

Coat

332
Q

Describe the Endospores when stained with Gram stain

A

Colorless

333
Q

Which stain is used with Endospores?

A

Ziehl-Nelseen

334
Q

Describe the Ziehl-Nelseen stain used with the Endospores

A

Modified

335
Q

What is this modified Ziehl-Nelseen stain known as?

A

Spore stain

336
Q

What is the color of the Endospores with this spore stain?

A

Red

337
Q

Describe the resistance of Gram Negative bacteria to drying

A

Low

Microbiology (12 decks)

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