Microbiology Flashcards
1
Q
What is Mycology?
A
Study of Fugi
2
Q
What are the 3 types of Fungi?
A
Mold
Yeast
Mushroom
3
Q
What type of organisms is the Fungi?
A
Eukaryotic
4
Q
What is absent in a fungus?
A
Chlorophyll
5
Q
Describe the fungus as a result of not having a Chlorphyll
A
Heterotrophic
6
Q
What are the 3 forms of Heterotrophic fungus?
A
Saprophytes
Saprobic
Parasite
7
Q
Describe the Saprophytes
A
Free living
8
Q
Where does the Saprobic fungus live on?
A
Dead organic material
9
Q
What do the fungi have? (2 points)
A
Cell wall
Filamentous structures
10
Q
What is present in the cell wall of a fungus?
2 points
A
Complex carbohydrates
Ergosterol
11
Q
What do the Fungi produce?
A
Spores
12
Q
What do the Fungi produce?
A
Spores
13
Q
What are the 3 forms where the Pathogenic fungi can exist as?
A
Yeast
Hyphae
Both
14
Q
What is the form of the Pathogenic fungi which can be both known as?
A
Dimorphic
15
Q
Describe the yeast
A
Unicellular
16
Q
What does the yeast reproduce by?
A
Budding
17
Q
What is an example of a yeast
A
Candida
18
Q
Describe the Hyphae (2 points)
A
Multicellular
Filamentous structures
19
Q
Describe the cells in which the Hyphae is constituted by
A
Tubular
20
Q
What do these cells have?
A
Cell wall
21
Q
What is the Hyphae known as when present in a mass?
A
Mycelia
22
Q
What are the 2 forms of Mycelia?
A
Septated
Non septated
23
Q
What do the mycelial forms do?
A
Branch
24
Q
What does the branching of the mycelial forms help in identifying?
A
Fungi
25
What feature of branching help the mycelial forms in identifying?
Pattern
26
What does the Hyphae reproduce by?
Spore formation
27
What is the spore formation known as?
Conidia
28
What are the 2 forms of the asexual spores?
Large
| Small
29
What are the large asexual spores known as?
Macroconidia
30
What are the small asexual spores known as?
Microconidia
31
What are the 3 examples of Hyphae?
Penicillium
Aspergillus
Dermatophyte
32
What are the 2 forms of Dimorphic fungi?
Yeast
| Mycelium
33
What are the 2 forms of Dimorphic fungi?
Yeast
| Mycelium
34
Describe the form of the yeast
Pathogenic
35
Where is the yeast usually seen in? (3 points)
Tissue
Exudate
Culture
36
What is the temperature of the culture in which the yeast is placed in?
37°C
37
Describe the form of the Mycelium
Saprophytic
38
Where is the Mycelium present in? (2 points)
Nature
| Culture
39
What is the temperature of the culture in which the Mycelium is placed in?
25°C
40
What do the Mycelium form on the culture?
Filamentous colonies
41
What is the Mycelium converted into?
Yeast
42
What is the conversion of the yeast essential for?
Pathogenicity
43
Which several characteristics in which the Dimorphic fungi are identified by? (2 points)
Morphological
| Biochemical
44
What is an example of a Mycelium?
Histoplasma
45
What is the condition in which fungi establish infections known as?
Mycoses
46
What are the 4 types of Mycoses?
Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic
47
What is the superficial mycoses limited to?
Outermost layers
48
What are the outermost layers ,in which the superficial mycoses is limited to, of?
(2 points)
Skin
| Hair
49
What is an example of a fungus that causes superficial mycoses?
Tinae versicolor
50
What is the cutaneous mycoses limited to?
Keratinized layers
51
What are the keratinized layers ,in which the cutaneous mycoses is limited to, of?
(3 points)
Skin
Hair
Nail
52
What may be evoked in cutaneous mycoses?
Host immune responses
53
What may be evoked in cutaneous mycoses?
Host immune responses
54
What do the host immune responses result in?
Pathogenic changes
55
Describe the layers where these pathogenic changes occur in
Skin
56
What is the deeper layer where these pathogenic changes occur in?
Skin
57
What type of mycoses are these host immune responses absent in?
Superficial
58
What are the organisms that cause cutaneous mycoses known as?
Dermatophytes
59
What are the 3 examples of the dermatophytes?
Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
60
Where does the subcutaneous mycoses occur in? (4 points)
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Muscle
Fascia
61
Describe the subcutaneous mycoses
Chronic
62
What could happen to the skin so that the subcutaneous mycoses is initiated?
Piercing trauma
63
What is allowed to enter due to the subcutaneous mycoses which is initiated as a result of piercing trauma?
Fungus
64
Describe the treatment of the subcutaneous mycoses
Difficult
65
What does the subcutaneous mycoses require?
Surgical debridement
66
What could the systemic mycoses be due to?
Pathogens
67
What are the 2 types of pathogens that cause systemic mycoses?
Primary
| Opportunistic
68
Describe these primary pathogens
Dimorphic
69
Where does the systemic mycoses caused by primary pathogens originate in?
Lungs
70
Where do these primary pathogens spread to?
Organ systems
71
Describe the organisms that cause systemic mycoses
Virulent
72
What do the patients of infectious disease have where systemic mycoses can occur in which is caused by opportunistic pathogens?
Immune deficiencies
73
What is an example of these immune deficiencies?
AIDS
74
What is altered in the other patients in which the systemic mycoses caused by opportunistic pathogens occur in?
Normal flora
75
What is the normal flora altered by? (3 points)
Antibiotics
Immune-suppressive therapy
Metastatic cancer
76
What are the 2 examples of these opportunistic pathogens?
Candidiasis
| Cryptococcosis
77
What is observed in the laboratory diagnosis of Mycoses?
Specimen
78
What are the 6 sites of infection that can be laboratorially diagnosed?
```
Skin
Nail
Hair
CSF
Sputum
Blood
```
79
What can be suspected in the laboratory diagnosis?
Skin scrapings
80
What is this skin scrapings from?
Lesion
81
What are the skin scrapings suspected to contain? (2 points)
Dermatophytes
| Pus
82
What is present in the slide where the skin scraping is mounted on?
KOH
83
What is the percentage of the KOH in the slide where the skin scraping is mounted on?
10%
84
What does this KOH degrade?
Human tissues
85
What do these tissues release? (2 points)
Yeast
| Hyphae
86
Where are these skin scrapings then examined?
Under the microscope
87
What are the 2 direct examinations of the fungi?
Film
| Antigen detection
88
What are the 2 forms of direct film?
Unstained
| Stained
89
What are detected by the direct unstained film? (3 points)
Hyphae
Yeast forms
Spores
90
What are the 3 stains used in the direct film?
Gram
India ink
Others
91
What are the antigen detected by?
Latex agglutination
92
What are the 2 types of latex agglutination?
CSF
| Serum
93
What uses the antigen detection by latex agglutination?
Capsular polysaccharide
94
What is the Capsular polysaccharide of which uses the antigen detection by latex agglutination?
Cryptococcus
95
What does a definitive diagnosis require?
| 2 points
Culture
| Identification
96
Where do the pathogenic fungi usually grow on?
Sabouraud dextrose agar
97
Describe the pH of Sabouraud dextrose agar
Slightly acidic
98
What are added to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?
Inhibitory atibiotics
99
What are the 3 antibiotics added to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?
Cyclohexamide
Penicillin
Streptomycin
100
What are the 2 features of bacteria which are prevented by the addition of the inhibitory antibiotics to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?
Contamination
| Overgrowth
101
How many cultures are used?
2
102
What happens to these cultures, separately?
| 2 points
Inoculated
| Incubated
103
What is the temperature at which the culture is inoculated?
25°C
104
What is the temperature at which the culture is incubated?
37°C
105
What is reveled when these 2 cultures are inoculated and incubated?
Dimorphism
106
How are the cultures examined? (5 points)
```
Macroscopicallg
Microscopically
DNA probes
Immuno-flourescent technique
Biochemical reactions
```
107
What is viewed macroscopically?
Growth
108
Describe this viewing
Reverse
109
Until when the fungi will not be considered as negative for growth?
After 4 weeks of incubation
110
Describe the fungi in serology
Poor antigens
111
What are the tests for Fungi based on?
| (4 points)?
Latex agglutination
Double immunodiffusion
Complement fixation
ELISA
112
Describe the skin test (2 points)
Insignificant
| Delayed type hypersensitivity
113
What is previously exposed which is indicated by the skin test?
Agent
114
What are used to treat Mycoses?
Antifungal drugs
115
What could be used depending on the nature of the infection?
Agents
116
What are the 2 agents which could be used depending on the nature of the infection?
Topical
| Systemic
