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Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Mycology?

A

Study of Fugi

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of Fungi?

A

Mold
Yeast
Mushroom

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3
Q

What type of organisms is the Fungi?

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

What is absent in a fungus?

A

Chlorophyll

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5
Q

Describe the fungus as a result of not having a Chlorphyll

A

Heterotrophic

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6
Q

What are the 3 forms of Heterotrophic fungus?

A

Saprophytes
Saprobic
Parasite

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7
Q

Describe the Saprophytes

A

Free living

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8
Q

Where does the Saprobic fungus live on?

A

Dead organic material

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9
Q

What do the fungi have? (2 points)

A

Cell wall

Filamentous structures

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10
Q

What is present in the cell wall of a fungus?

2 points

A

Complex carbohydrates

Ergosterol

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11
Q

What do the Fungi produce?

A

Spores

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12
Q

What do the Fungi produce?

A

Spores

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13
Q

What are the 3 forms where the Pathogenic fungi can exist as?

A

Yeast
Hyphae
Both

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14
Q

What is the form of the Pathogenic fungi which can be both known as?

A

Dimorphic

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15
Q

Describe the yeast

A

Unicellular

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16
Q

What does the yeast reproduce by?

A

Budding

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17
Q

What is an example of a yeast

A

Candida

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18
Q

Describe the Hyphae (2 points)

A

Multicellular

Filamentous structures

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19
Q

Describe the cells in which the Hyphae is constituted by

A

Tubular

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20
Q

What do these cells have?

A

Cell wall

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21
Q

What is the Hyphae known as when present in a mass?

A

Mycelia

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22
Q

What are the 2 forms of Mycelia?

A

Septated

Non septated

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23
Q

What do the mycelial forms do?

A

Branch

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24
Q

What does the branching of the mycelial forms help in identifying?

A

Fungi

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25
Q

What feature of branching help the mycelial forms in identifying?

A

Pattern

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26
Q

What does the Hyphae reproduce by?

A

Spore formation

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27
Q

What is the spore formation known as?

A

Conidia

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28
Q

What are the 2 forms of the asexual spores?

A

Large

Small

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29
Q

What are the large asexual spores known as?

A

Macroconidia

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30
Q

What are the small asexual spores known as?

A

Microconidia

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31
Q

What are the 3 examples of Hyphae?

A

Penicillium
Aspergillus
Dermatophyte

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32
Q

What are the 2 forms of Dimorphic fungi?

A

Yeast

Mycelium

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33
Q

What are the 2 forms of Dimorphic fungi?

A

Yeast

Mycelium

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34
Q

Describe the form of the yeast

A

Pathogenic

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35
Q

Where is the yeast usually seen in? (3 points)

A

Tissue
Exudate
Culture

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36
Q

What is the temperature of the culture in which the yeast is placed in?

A

37°C

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37
Q

Describe the form of the Mycelium

A

Saprophytic

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38
Q

Where is the Mycelium present in? (2 points)

A

Nature

Culture

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39
Q

What is the temperature of the culture in which the Mycelium is placed in?

A

25°C

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40
Q

What do the Mycelium form on the culture?

A

Filamentous colonies

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41
Q

What is the Mycelium converted into?

A

Yeast

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42
Q

What is the conversion of the yeast essential for?

A

Pathogenicity

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43
Q

Which several characteristics in which the Dimorphic fungi are identified by? (2 points)

A

Morphological

Biochemical

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44
Q

What is an example of a Mycelium?

A

Histoplasma

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45
Q

What is the condition in which fungi establish infections known as?

A

Mycoses

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46
Q

What are the 4 types of Mycoses?

A

Superficial
Cutaneous
Subcutaneous
Systemic

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47
Q

What is the superficial mycoses limited to?

A

Outermost layers

48
Q

What are the outermost layers ,in which the superficial mycoses is limited to, of?
(2 points)

A

Skin

Hair

49
Q

What is an example of a fungus that causes superficial mycoses?

A

Tinae versicolor

50
Q

What is the cutaneous mycoses limited to?

A

Keratinized layers

51
Q

What are the keratinized layers ,in which the cutaneous mycoses is limited to, of?
(3 points)

A

Skin
Hair
Nail

52
Q

What may be evoked in cutaneous mycoses?

A

Host immune responses

53
Q

What may be evoked in cutaneous mycoses?

A

Host immune responses

54
Q

What do the host immune responses result in?

A

Pathogenic changes

55
Q

Describe the layers where these pathogenic changes occur in

A

Skin

56
Q

What is the deeper layer where these pathogenic changes occur in?

A

Skin

57
Q

What type of mycoses are these host immune responses absent in?

A

Superficial

58
Q

What are the organisms that cause cutaneous mycoses known as?

A

Dermatophytes

59
Q

What are the 3 examples of the dermatophytes?

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

60
Q

Where does the subcutaneous mycoses occur in? (4 points)

A

Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Muscle
Fascia

61
Q

Describe the subcutaneous mycoses

A

Chronic

62
Q

What could happen to the skin so that the subcutaneous mycoses is initiated?

A

Piercing trauma

63
Q

What is allowed to enter due to the subcutaneous mycoses which is initiated as a result of piercing trauma?

A

Fungus

64
Q

Describe the treatment of the subcutaneous mycoses

A

Difficult

65
Q

What does the subcutaneous mycoses require?

A

Surgical debridement

66
Q

What could the systemic mycoses be due to?

A

Pathogens

67
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens that cause systemic mycoses?

A

Primary

Opportunistic

68
Q

Describe these primary pathogens

A

Dimorphic

69
Q

Where does the systemic mycoses caused by primary pathogens originate in?

A

Lungs

70
Q

Where do these primary pathogens spread to?

A

Organ systems

71
Q

Describe the organisms that cause systemic mycoses

A

Virulent

72
Q

What do the patients of infectious disease have where systemic mycoses can occur in which is caused by opportunistic pathogens?

A

Immune deficiencies

73
Q

What is an example of these immune deficiencies?

A

AIDS

74
Q

What is altered in the other patients in which the systemic mycoses caused by opportunistic pathogens occur in?

A

Normal flora

75
Q

What is the normal flora altered by? (3 points)

A

Antibiotics
Immune-suppressive therapy
Metastatic cancer

76
Q

What are the 2 examples of these opportunistic pathogens?

A

Candidiasis

Cryptococcosis

77
Q

What is observed in the laboratory diagnosis of Mycoses?

A

Specimen

78
Q

What are the 6 sites of infection that can be laboratorially diagnosed?

A 
Skin
Nail
Hair
CSF
Sputum
Blood
79
Q

What can be suspected in the laboratory diagnosis?

A

Skin scrapings

80
Q

What is this skin scrapings from?

A

Lesion

81
Q

What are the skin scrapings suspected to contain? (2 points)

A

Dermatophytes

Pus

82
Q

What is present in the slide where the skin scraping is mounted on?

A

KOH

83
Q

What is the percentage of the KOH in the slide where the skin scraping is mounted on?

A

10%

84
Q

What does this KOH degrade?

A

Human tissues

85
Q

What do these tissues release? (2 points)

A

Yeast

Hyphae

86
Q

Where are these skin scrapings then examined?

A

Under the microscope

87
Q

What are the 2 direct examinations of the fungi?

A

Film

Antigen detection

88
Q

What are the 2 forms of direct film?

A

Unstained

Stained

89
Q

What are detected by the direct unstained film? (3 points)

A

Hyphae
Yeast forms
Spores

90
Q

What are the 3 stains used in the direct film?

A

Gram
India ink
Others

91
Q

What are the antigen detected by?

A

Latex agglutination

92
Q

What are the 2 types of latex agglutination?

A

CSF

Serum

93
Q

What uses the antigen detection by latex agglutination?

A

Capsular polysaccharide

94
Q

What is the Capsular polysaccharide of which uses the antigen detection by latex agglutination?

A

Cryptococcus

95
Q

What does a definitive diagnosis require?

2 points

A

Culture

Identification

96
Q

Where do the pathogenic fungi usually grow on?

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

97
Q

Describe the pH of Sabouraud dextrose agar

A

Slightly acidic

98
Q

What are added to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?

A

Inhibitory atibiotics

99
Q

What are the 3 antibiotics added to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?

A

Cyclohexamide
Penicillin
Streptomycin

100
Q

What are the 2 features of bacteria which are prevented by the addition of the inhibitory antibiotics to the Sabouraud dextrose agar?

A

Contamination

Overgrowth

101
Q

How many cultures are used?

A

2

102
Q

What happens to these cultures, separately?

2 points

A

Inoculated

Incubated

103
Q

What is the temperature at which the culture is inoculated?

A

25°C

104
Q

What is the temperature at which the culture is incubated?

A

37°C

105
Q

What is reveled when these 2 cultures are inoculated and incubated?

A

Dimorphism

106
Q

How are the cultures examined? (5 points)

A 
Macroscopicallg
Microscopically
DNA probes
Immuno-flourescent technique 
Biochemical reactions
107
Q

What is viewed macroscopically?

A

Growth

108
Q

Describe this viewing

A

Reverse

109
Q

Until when the fungi will not be considered as negative for growth?

A

After 4 weeks of incubation

110
Q

Describe the fungi in serology

A

Poor antigens

111
Q

What are the tests for Fungi based on?

(4 points)?

A

Latex agglutination
Double immunodiffusion
Complement fixation
ELISA

112
Q

Describe the skin test (2 points)

A

Insignificant

Delayed type hypersensitivity

113
Q

What is previously exposed which is indicated by the skin test?

A

Agent

114
Q

What are used to treat Mycoses?

A

Antifungal drugs

115
Q

What could be used depending on the nature of the infection?

A

Agents

116
Q

What are the 2 agents which could be used depending on the nature of the infection?

A

Topical

Systemic

Microbiology (12 decks)

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