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Microbiology > Chapter 6 & 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 & 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Mutation

A

Change in base sequence of DNA

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways in which the base sequence of DNA could be changed?

A

Spontaneously
or
Exposed to Mutagens

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of Mutagens

A

Radiation

Chemicals

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4
Q

Define Genotypic change

A

Change in base sequence of DNA

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5
Q

What can Genotypic change cause?

A

Character changes

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6
Q

Describe these character changes (2 points)

A

Persistent

Irreversible

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7
Q

Define Phenotypic change

A

Changes in bacterial character

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8
Q

Describe these bacterial character changes (2 points)

A

Temporary

Reversible

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9
Q

When are these bacterial character changes become reversible?

A

Once environmental (external) condition is removed

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10
Q

What is the purpose of Phenotypic change?

A

To respond to environmental (external) condition

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11
Q

What is not changed in Phenotypic change?

A

Genetic Constitution

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12
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that posses Phenotypic change?

A

L-form

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13
Q

Which change is passed to daughter cells? Genotypic change or Phenotypic change?

A

Genotypic change

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways in which bacterial gene is transferred?

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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15
Q

Between which cells is bacterial gene transferred?

A

Donor to Recipient

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16
Q

Define Transformation

A

Uptake of Naked DNA

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17
Q

Describe the occurrence of Transformation

A

Natural

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18
Q

What is a Naked DNA?

A

DNA without associated:
Cells
or
Proteins

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19
Q

What are the 2 forms of Naked DNA

A

Chromosome

Plasmid

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20
Q

Which bacteria are these 2 forms found in?

A

Lysed

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21
Q

What does Transformation increase?

A

Virulence

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22
Q

Which Microorganism is used in Transduction?

A

Bacteriophage

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of Transduction?

A

Generalized

Specialized

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24
Q

Which bacterial genes are transferred in Generalized Transduction?

A

Any

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25
Q

What does Generalized Transduction occur during?

A

Lytic Cycle

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26
Q

What are the 2 forms of bacterial genes in Generalized Transduction

A

Chromosome

Plasmid

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27
Q

Which bacterial genes are transferred in Specialized Transduction?

A

Certain

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28
Q

During when does Specialized Transduction occur?

A

Temperate Cycle

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29
Q

When exactly does Specialized Transduction occur during Temperate Cycle?

A

When Prophage:
Take adjacent genes
Replicate

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30
Q

Between which cells is bacterial gene transferred in Transduction?

A

From Male Donor to Female Recipient

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31
Q

Describe the direction in which DNA is transferred in Conjugative Transduction

A

One way

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32
Q

Through what feature is DNA transferred in Conjugative Transduction?

A

Sex Pili

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33
Q

What does Conjugative Transduction transfer DNA by?

A

Cells Physical contact

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34
Q

What is the function of Antimicrobial Agents?

A

Kill Microorganisms

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35
Q

What do Antimicrobial Agents kill Microorganisms for?

2 points

A

Therapy
Or
Prophylaxis

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36
Q

What are the 3 Antimicrobial Agents?

A

Antibiotics
Disinfectants
Antiseptics

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37
Q

Describe the production of Antibiotics

A

Natural

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38
Q

What produces Antibiotics?

A

Certain Microorganisms

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39
Q

What are the 2 Antibiotic effects?

A

Cidal

Static

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40
Q

What is the Cidal effect on the Microorganism?

A

Killing

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41
Q

What is the Static effect on the Microorganism?

A

Inhibition

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42
Q

Describe Semisynthetic Antibiotics

A

Natural

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43
Q

Who modifies Semisynthetic Antibiotics?

A

Chemist

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44
Q

What synthesize Semisynthetic Antibiotics?

A

Chemicals

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45
Q

What is the function of Disinfectants and Antiseptics?

A

Kill microbes

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46
Q

Where do Disinfectants work on?

A

Non-living surfaces

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47
Q

Give examples of the Non-living surfaces that Disinfectants work on

A

Table

Floor

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48
Q

Give an example to a Disinfectant

A

Chlore

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49
Q

Where do Antiseptics work on?

A

Living tissue

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50
Q

Give examples of the living tissue that Antiseptics work on

A

Skin

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51
Q

How do Antibiotics contribute to Selective Toxicity?

A

Antibiotics don’t find microbes targets in human cell

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52
Q

Give an example of an Antibiotic that give rise to Selective Toxicity

A

Beta Lactam

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53
Q

Give an example of a Beta Lactam that give rise to Selective Toxicity

A

Penicillin

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54
Q

How does Beta Lactam Antibiotic work?

A

Inhibit Peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis

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55
Q

What is the effect of Beta Lactam Antibiotic on human cell?

A

Unaffected

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56
Q

Why isn’t human cell affected by this drug’s action?

A

Peptidoglycan Cell wall is absent in human cell

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57
Q

Define Action Spectrum

A

Microorganisms range

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58
Q

What is the Action Spectrum affected by?

A

Certain antibiotics

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59
Q

What are the 3 types of Antibiotic Spectrum Actions?

A

Broad
Narrow
Limited

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60
Q

Describe the range of bacteria affected by the Broad Spectrum action of antibiotics

A

Wide

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61
Q

Which 2 bacteria is Narrow Spectrum Mainly effective against?

A

Gram-Positive
Or
Gram-Negative

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62
Q

What is Limited Spectrum Action effective against? (2 points)

A

Single:
Organism
Or
Disease

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63
Q

What are the 5 Antimicrobial Agents Action?

A 
Synthesis inhibitor for:
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane 
Protein
Nucleic Acid

Competitive Antagonists

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64
Q

Describe Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors

A

Bactericidal

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65
Q

What do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors target?

A

Bacterial Peptidoglycan synthesis steps

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66
Q

Which bacterial cells do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors require?

A

Actively growing

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67
Q

Why do Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors require actively growing bacterial cells?

A

To produce toxins

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68
Q

Which bacteria are Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors highly active against?

A

Gram Positive

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69
Q

What are the 3 Cell Wall synthesis inhibitors?

A

Beta Lactam
Glycopeptide
Bacitracin

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70
Q

What steps of Cell Wall synthesis does Beta Lactam inhibit?

2 points

A

Initial

Last

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71
Q

How does Beta Lactam affect the initial steps of Cell Wall synthesis?

A

Binds to cell receptors

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72
Q

What are the cell receptors that Beta Lactam bind to?

A

Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs)

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73
Q

How does Beta Lactam affect the last steps of Cell Wall synthesis?

A

Inhibit Peptidoglycan synthesis

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74
Q

Give examples of Beta Lactam (2 points)

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporin

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75
Q

What step of Cell Wall synthesis does Glycopeptide inhibit?

A

Early

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76
Q

How does Glycopeptide affect the early step of Cell Wall synthesis?

A

Inhibit Peptidoglycan Assembly

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77
Q

Give an example of Glycopeptide

A

Vancomycin

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78
Q

Describe Bacitracin

A

Highly Toxic

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79
Q

What is the result of Bacitracin being highly toxic?

A

Not used systemically

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80
Q

Describe Cell Membrane inhibitors

A

Microbicidal

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81
Q

What do Cell Membrane synthesis inhibitors target?

A

Cell Membrane’s functions

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82
Q

What synthesis inhibitors have Selective Toxicity?

A

Cell Membrane

Protein

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83
Q

What type of Selective Toxicity do Cell Membrane inhibitors have?

A

Narrow Margin

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84
Q

What causes Cell Membrane inhibitors to have Narrow Margin Selective Toxicity? (2 points)

A

Phospholipids similarities in membranes of:
Bacteria
Eukaryotes

85
Q

Give an example of Cell Membrane inhibitor

A

Polymyxin

86
Q

What are Protein Synthesis inhibitors highly active against?

A

Gram Negative Bacilli

87
Q

What type of ribosomes present in Bacteria?

A

70s

88
Q

What characteristics do most Protein Synthesis inhibitors have for the bacterial 70s ribosomes? (2 points)

A

Affinity

Specificity

89
Q

What type of ribosomes present in mammals?

A

80s

90
Q

What is different between the ribosomes present in bacteria mammals?

A

Chemical Composition

Functions

91
Q

Give examples of Protein Synthesis inhibitors (6 points)

A 
Tetracycline
Aminoglycoside 
Chloramphenicol
Macrolide 
Fusidic Acid
Clindamycin
92
Q

State an example of Macrolide that inhibits Protein synthesis

A

Erythromycin

93
Q

Describe the activity of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

A

Selective

94
Q

What do Bacterial Nucleic Acid synthesis target? (2 points)

A

DNA

RNA

95
Q

State the drug that inhibits Bacterial DNA synthesis

A

Quinolone

96
Q

State the drug that inhibits Bacterial RNA synthesis

A

Rifampicin

97
Q

Describe Competition Antagonism

A

Bacteriostatic

98
Q

What is the function of Competition Antagonists?

A

Inhibit Folic Acid Synthesis

99
Q

How do Competition Antagonists inhibit Folic Acid Synthesis?

A

Para-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) analogue competes with PABA for enzyme active site

100
Q

Give examples of Competition Antagonists (2 points)

A

Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

101
Q

What is the purpose of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing?

A

Measures in vitro antibiotic activity

102
Q

Describe the measure of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (2 points)

A

Basic

Quantitative

103
Q

What are the 2 types of Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing?

A

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

104
Q

Describe Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) & Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)

A

Antibiotic Lowest Concentration

105
Q

What is the function of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?

A

Inhibits growth

106
Q

Under what conditions does Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) inhibit the growth?

A

Standard

107
Q

Define Antimicrobial Breakpoint

A

Drug concentration in serum with optimal dose

108
Q

Describe the organisms with MIC below breakpoint

A

Sensitive

109
Q

Describe the organisms with MIC above breakpoint

A

Resistant

110
Q

What is the function of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC)?
(2 points)

A

Kills 99.9% of original inoculum

In a given time

111
Q

How is Drug Vitro Activity is not always the same as Vivo Activity?

A

Host factors can affect Anti-Microbial concentration level at infection site

112
Q

How many drugs are used in Combination Therapy?

A

2 or more

113
Q

When is Combination Therapy used?

A

In special cases

114
Q

What are the advantages of using Combination Therapy? (4 points)

A 
Prevents arise of resistant strains 
Exploit antibiotic synergism
Treat:
Emergency cases
Mixed infections
115
Q

During what emergency cases does Combination Therapy treat?

A

Anonymous Etiological Diagnosis

116
Q

Give examples of Antibiotic Synergism

2 points

A

Endocarditis

Septicemia

117
Q

What are the 2 effects of combination therapy?

A

Antibiotic:
Synergism
Antagonism

118
Q

What is antibiotic synergism?

2 points

A

Combination antibiotics effect> Individual antibiotics sum effect

119
Q

Give examples of antibiotic synergism

2 points

A

Vancomycin

Gentamycin

120
Q

These 2 antibiotics are used against which bacteria?

A

S.aureus

121
Q

Describe S.aureus (2 points)

A

Multi-resistant

MRSA

122
Q

What is antibiotic antagonism?

2 points

A

Least effect antibiotic+ another antibiotic effects

123
Q

Give examples of antibiotic antagonists

2 points

A

Imipenem

Pipracillin

124
Q

Describe Imipenem

A

Beta lactamase inducer

125
Q

How does Imipenem affect Piperacillin?

A

Destroys it

126
Q

What is involved in Indifference action?

A

2 drugs

127
Q

What is the same for these 2 drugs?

2 points

A

Action

Target

128
Q

Which drug obtains the action?

A

Either of them

129
Q

Give examples of drugs that trigger Indifference action

2 points

A

Vancomycin

Cephalosprins

130
Q

Describe Vancomycin & Cephalosprins

A

Cel wall synthesis inhibitors

131
Q

What are the 5 factors that influence antibiotic choice?

A

Infection
Results
Drug toxicity potential
Duration

132
Q

What are the 2 features of infection that influence the antibiotic choice?

A

Site

Nature

133
Q

What are the 2 results that influence the antibiotic choice?

A

Culture

Sensitivity

134
Q

What can the antibiotics determine?

A

Nature of infection

135
Q

What are the 3 natures of infection?

A

Bacterial
Viral
Fungal

136
Q

Which drugs are not used to treat 2 natures of infection?

A

Antibacterial drugs

137
Q

What 2 natures of infections which are not treated by Antibacterial drugs?

A

Viral

Fungal

138
Q

What is the advantage derived from Culture and sensitivity results?

A

Proper antibiotic therapy

139
Q

Which organ would the concentration of drug toxicity be increased in?

A

Liver

140
Q

What condition would the concentration of drug toxicity be increased in?

A

Kidney failure

141
Q

What is the range of the usual duration of antibiotics?

A

5-7 days

142
Q

Describe the Antibiotic course given

2 points

A

Full

Uninterrupted

143
Q

Why is a full uninterrupted antibiotic course given?

A

To avoid resistant bacterial arise

144
Q

What are the complications of Chemotherapy?

3 points

A

Toxicity
Allergy
Resistant bacteria

145
Q

What are the 2 resistant bacterial complexes that lead to a chemotherapy
complication?

A

Arise

Superinfection
Or
Overgrowth

146
Q

What are the 3 drugs that cause toxicity?

A

Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin
Aminoglycosides

147
Q

What does Chloramphenicol cause as a result of toxicity?

A

Bone marrow depression

148
Q

What does Streptomycin cause as a result of toxicity?

A

Deafness

149
Q

Which nerves are affected so that deafness is caused?

A

8th cranial nerves

150
Q

What do Aminoglycosides cause as a result of toxicity?

A

Renal failure

151
Q

What are the 2 drugs that cause Allergy?

A

Penicillin

Sulphonamides

152
Q

What are the 2 types of Penicillin allergies?

A

Local

Systemic

153
Q

What does Sulfonamide cause as a result of allergic?

A

Dermatitis

154
Q

When is bacterial resistance arise trigged?

3 points

A

Dose:
Low
Interrupted

Improper antibiotics choice

155
Q

When is resistant bacterial superinfection/ overgrowth triggered?

A

After a prolong antibiotic treatment

156
Q

What are the 2 resistant bacteria that undergo superinfection/overgrowth?

A

Candida

Clostridium difficilis

157
Q

What does Candida cause as a result of superinfection/overgrowth?

A

Oral thrush

158
Q

What does Clostridium difficilis cause as a result of superinfection/overgrowth?

A

Pseudomembrane colitis

159
Q

What causes the appearance of Antimicrobial resistance?

A

Antibiotics misuse

160
Q

Where could antibiotics be misused in?

3 points

A

Human
Veterinary medicine
Agriculture

161
Q

What are the 2 types of bacterial antibiotic resistance?

A

Inherent/Intrinsic/Natural

Acquired

162
Q

What does an organism’s antibiotic lack when its inherently resistant?

A

Transport system

Molecule target

163
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic molecule target

A

L form

164
Q

What causes Acquired resistance?

A

Bacterial genome changes

165
Q

What is acquired resistance triggered by?

A

Bacterial genetic processes

166
Q

What are the 2 bacterial genetic processes that trigger acquired resistance?

A

Mutation & Selection

Gene exchange

167
Q

What are the 2 evolutionary ways of gene transfer?

A

Vertical

Horizontal

168
Q

What happens when a drug is introduced?

A

Resistance appears

169
Q

What is the evolutionary way in which gene is transferred in selective pressure?

A

Vertical

170
Q

Which strains does the antibiotic select in selective pressure?

A

Resistant strains

171
Q

Between what does gene exchange occur?

A

Strains

Species

172
Q

What is the evolutionary way in which gene is transferred in gene exchange?

A

Horizontal

173
Q

What are the 4 ways in which resistant genes can be obtained by from another organism?

A

Plasmid
Phage
Transposon
Integron

174
Q

What do the genes obtained by the 4 ways code for?

A

Enzyme production

175
Q

What is the function of these enzymes?

A

Destroy Antibacterial drugs

176
Q

What are the 2 factors involved in the mechanism of resistance?

A

Antimicrobial agent

Pathway

177
Q

How is the antimicrobial agent affected during bacterial resistance?

A

Inactivated

178
Q

What are the 2 main features of an antimicrobial agent that are altered?

A

Permeability

Target site

179
Q

How is the antimicrobial agent inactivated?

A

By enzyme production

180
Q

What are the 2 enzymes that inactivate the antimicrobial agent?

A

Beta lactamase

Acetyl transferase

181
Q

What is the effect of these 2 enzymes on the antibiotics?

A

Destruction

182
Q

What are the 2 antibiotics which are destroyed by Beta lactamase?

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporin

183
Q

What is the antibiotic which is destroyed by Acetyl transferase?

A

Chloramphenicol

184
Q

What is the effect of the permeability alteration on the antimicrobial agent?

A

Unable to enter bacterial cell

185
Q

What is the antimicrobial agent which is unable to enter bacterial cell after the alteration of its permeability?

A

Imipenem

186
Q

What is the name of the bacteria which Imipenem is unable to enter into after the alteration of the its permeability?

A

Pseudomonas

187
Q

What are the 2 altered target sites in an antimicrobial agent?

A

Receptors

Ribosomal units

188
Q

What is an example of a receptor which is modified due to the alteration of the target site of antimicrobial agent?

A

Penicillin binding protein (PBP)

189
Q

What are the 2 modifications of Penicillin binding protein (PBP) receptors?

A

MRSA

Resistant S. pneumonia.

190
Q

What are the 2 antibiotics affected by ribosomal units alteration?

A

Erythromycin

Aminoglycoside

191
Q

How is the sensitive pathway replaced?

A

New enzyme obtained

192
Q

Give an example of Sensitive pathway replacement

A

Folic acid

193
Q

What is the antibiotic involved in Sensitive pathway replacement

A

Trimethoprim

194
Q

What feature is new for the synthesis of folic acid?

A

Metabolic pathway

195
Q

What is the result of having a new metabolic pathway for folic acid synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim resistance

196
Q

Define Cross Resistance

A

The possibility of a microorganism to be resistant to another drug after bein resistant to the first drug

197
Q

What could both drugs have making them ineffective against a resistant bacteria?

A

Same action

Similar chemical structure

198
Q

But what is different in both drug?

A

Types of aminoglycosides

199
Q

Define Chemoprophylaxis

A

Antimicrobial prevent disease occurrence

200
Q

Where does Chemoprophylaxis occur in?

A

Surgery time
Immuno-compromised patient
People with normal immunity exposed to certain pathogens

201
Q

Give an example of Chemoprophylaxis at surgery time

A

Anaesthesia

202
Q

Describe the time when antimicrobial is given in Anaesthesia

A

Pre-operative

203
Q

Give an example of an inflammation prevented in a surgery of immuno-compromised patient

A

Endocarditis

204
Q

What is the type of this surgery?

A

Dental

205
Q

Which case requires antimicrobial to be used to prevent Endocarditis?

A

Damaged valves

206
Q

Give 2 examples of damaged valves

A

Heart

Prosthetic

207
Q

Give an example of an antimicrobial used in people with normal immunity who have been exposed to certain pathogens

A

Rifampicin

208
Q

What do patients suffer from in order to be given Rifampicin?

A

Meiningo-coccal meningitis

Microbiology (12 decks)

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