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Microbiology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does bacterial Pathogenesis depend on? (3 points)

A

Host immune status
Nature/ Virulence of species/strain
Organisms number in the initial exposure

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2
Q

What are the 4 bacterial classifications?

A

Saprophytic
Non-pathogenic
Opportunistic
Pathogenic

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3
Q

Where is Saprophytic present in?

A

Nature

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4
Q

Where can Saprophytic be found in?

3 points

A

Air
Water
Soil

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5
Q

Describe Non-pathogenic bacteria

A

Harmless

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6
Q

What are the 2 Non-pathogenic bacteria?

A

Normal flora

Commensals

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7
Q

Where do Non-pathogenic bacteria live in?

A

Humans

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8
Q

Where can Non-pathogenic bacteria be found in humans?

A

Skin

Gut (GIT)

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9
Q

What are the 3 non-pathogenic bacteria which are found on the Skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
S. epidermidis
Propioni-bacterium acnes

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10
Q

What are the 2 non-pathogenic bacteria which are found in the Gut (GIT)?

A

Bacteroides

Enterobacteriaceae

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11
Q

Where can Opportunistic bacteria be found in?

A

Immuno-compromised patients

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12
Q

What does the opportunistic bacteria exploit in an immuno-compromised patient?

A

Weakened defenses

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13
Q

What can the opportunistic bacteria cause?

A

Infectious diseases

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14
Q

Give an example of an opportunistic bacteria that causes infectious
diseases

A

Normal flora

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15
Q

When does Normal flora cause infectious diseases?

A

When it enters bloodstream

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16
Q

When would it enter the bloodstream?

A

After surgery

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17
Q

What does Pathogenic bacteria cause?

A

Disease

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18
Q

Where can Pathogenic bacteria cause disease in?

A

Humans

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19
Q

What does the outcome of an infection depend on? (2 points)

A

Pathogen’s virulence

Effectiveness of host defense mechanisms.

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20
Q

Define Superinfection

A

The occurrence of a new infection after a pre-existing infection

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21
Q

What can Superinfection complicate?

A

Antimicrobial therapy course

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22
Q

When can Superinfection complicate Antimicrobial therapy course?

A

When the organism causing the new infection is resistant to the drugs being used to treat the first infection.

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23
Q

Give an example where Superinfection can occur

A

Viral respiratory disease

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24
Q

From where are most bacterial infections obtained?

A

External sources

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25
Q

What are the 6 stages of bacterial pathogenesis?

A 
Transmission
Escape
Colonization
Disease symptoms
Responses
Disease progression/resolution
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26
Q

Between what are bacteria transmitted?

A

External source to entry portal

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27
Q

What are the 6 modes of bacterial transmission?

A 
Inhalation
Contact
Ingestion
Injection
Trans-placental 
Sexual contact.
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28
Q

What does bacteria escape from?

A

Host defense mechanisms

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29
Q

Define Colonization

A

Bacterial growth at entry site

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30
Q

What causes the symptoms of the disease?

A

Toxins production
Invasion
Inflammation

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31
Q

From where does a response come from?

A

Host

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32
Q

What does the host response triggers?

A

Immune response

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33
Q

What are the 2 determinants of bacterial pathogenesis?

A

Pathogenicity

Virulence

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34
Q

Define Pathogenicity

A

Host organism ability of disease production

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35
Q

Define Virulence

A

Microbe pathogenicity degree

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36
Q

What are the 2 ways in which Virulent bacteria produce disease in humans?

A

Microbe adherence

Invasion and intercellular survival

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37
Q

What does the microbe adhere to?

A

Cell surfaces

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38
Q

What are the two factors that are involved in microbe adherence to cell surfaces?

A

Receptor

Adhesion

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39
Q

Where is the receptor found on?

A

Tissue cell

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40
Q

Where is the adhesion found on?

A

Bacteria

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41
Q

Define tissue tropism

A

Receptor and adhesion interaction

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42
Q

Describe the interaction of the Receptor and the Adhesion? (2 points)

A

Complementary

Specific

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43
Q

Give an example of by how does a microbe adhere to cell surfaces

A

Fimbriae (pili)

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44
Q

What does the microbe do to facilitate its invasion? (2 points)

A

Produce extracellular substances

Inhibit phagocytic engulfment/adsorption

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45
Q

What are these extracellular substances produced?

A

Enzymes

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46
Q

What are the enzymes produced by the microbe? (11 points)

A 
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase
Neuraminidase
Streptokinase
Staphylokinase
3 enzymes that cause hemolysis/leucolysis
Protease
Deoxyribonuclease
Coagulase
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47
Q

Describe Hyaluronidase

A

The original spreading factor

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48
Q

What does Hyaluronidase break down?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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49
Q

Where is Hyaluronic acid present in?

A

Connective Tissue

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50
Q

Which bacteria produces Hyaluronidase?

A

Streptococci

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51
Q

What does Collagenase break down?

A

Muscles collagen

52
Q

What does Collagenase facilitate?

A

Infection

53
Q

What does Collagenase cause when produced?

A

Gas gangrene

54
Q

Which bacteria produces Collagenase?

A

Clostridium

55
Q

What does Neuraminidase break down?

2 points

A

Neuraminic acid

Sialic acid

56
Q

Describe Neuraminic acid/Sialic acid

A

Intercellular cement

57
Q

Where is this intercellular cement found in?

A

Intestinal mucosal epithelium

58
Q

Which bacteria produces Neuraminidase?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

59
Q

What do Streptokinase and Staphylokinase convert?

A

Inactive Plasminogen to Plasmin

60
Q

What does Plasmin digest?

A

Fibrin

61
Q

What does Plasmin prevent?

A

Blood clotting

62
Q

What are the 2 bacteria that produce Streptokinase and Staphylokinase?

A

Streptococci

Staphylococci

63
Q

What are the 3 enzymes that cause hemolysis/leucolysis?

A

Lecithinases
Hemolysins
Leukocidins

64
Q

What do these enzymes usually act on?

A

Cell membrane

65
Q

What does Lecithinases breaks down?

A

Cell membrane lecithin

66
Q

What does Hemolysins break down?

A

RBCs

67
Q

What does Leukocidins break down?

A

Leucocytes

Phagocytes

68
Q

What is an example of Protease?

A

Immunoglobulin

69
Q

What does Immunoglobulin Protease break down?

A

IgA

70
Q

What does Deoxyribonuclease break down?

A

DNA

71
Q

What does Coagulase convert?

A

Fibrinogen to Fibrin deposit

72
Q

Where will Fibrin deposit be found?

A

Around bacteria

73
Q

What does Fibrin deposit protect bacteria from?

A

Phagocytosis

74
Q

Which bacteria produces Coagulase?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

75
Q

What are the 5 substances which bacteria carry that inhibit phagocytic adsorption or engulfment?

A 
Cell wall proteins
Capsule
Coagulase
Ig A proteases
Intercellular survival ability
76
Q

Where are these bacterial substances found?

A

On its surface

77
Q

What are the 2 cell wall proteins?

A

M

A

78
Q

Which type of bacteria have cell wall proteins?

A

Gram positive cocci

79
Q

What is the group of protein M which is present in gram positive cocci?

A

A

80
Q

Which bacteria has protein M of group A?

A

Streptococci (S.pyogenes)

81
Q

Which bacteria has protein A?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

82
Q

What does Capsule prevent?

A

Phagocytes attachment to bacterial cells

83
Q

What are the 2 bacteria that have Capsule?

A

S. pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

84
Q

What are their Capsule made of?

A

Polysaccharide

85
Q

What is involved in the Intercellular bacterial survival ability?

A

Phagosome

86
Q

How does the bacteria react to the Phagosome?

A

Escape

87
Q

Which bacteria escape Phagosome?

A

Listeria

88
Q

What does the bacteria do to the Phagosome fusion?

A

Inhibit it

89
Q

Which bacteria inhibit Phagosome fusion?

A

Mycobacteria

90
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins that bacteria produce?

A

Exotoxins

Endotoxins

91
Q

What are Exotoxins made of?

A

Protein

92
Q

Which bacterial cells release Exotoxins?

A

Living

93
Q

Which type of bacteria mainly release Exotoxins?

A

Gram positive

94
Q

Which type of bacterial certain species release Exotoxins?

A

Gram negative

95
Q

What are the genes that code for Exotoxins located?

A

Plasmid

Bacteriophage

96
Q

Describe the level of toxicity of Exotoxins

A

High

97
Q

Describe the antigenicity of Exotoxins

A

High

98
Q

Describe the action of Exotoxins

A

Specific

99
Q

What is the site in which Exotoxins act at?

A

Tissue

100
Q

What is the site in which Exotoxins don’t act at?

A

Bacterial growth

101
Q

What converts Exotoxins?

A

Formalin

102
Q

What does Formalin convert Exotoxins into?

A

Toxoid

103
Q

When are Toxoid used in?

A

Active Immunization

104
Q

What are Toxoid used as?

A

Vaccine

105
Q

What feature of Exotoxins is lost when converted?

A

Toxicity

106
Q

Which feature of Exotoxins is retained when converted?

A

Antigenicity

107
Q

Give 2 examples of bacteria that release Exotoxins?

A

C.diphtheria

Clostridium tetani

108
Q

At what temperature are Exotoxins labile?

A

60 °C

109
Q

Where are the genes that code for Exotoxins are found in, C.diphtheria?

A

Phage

110
Q

Where are the genes that code for Exotoxins are found in, in Clostridium tetani?

A

Plasmid

111
Q

What are Endotoxins made of?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

112
Q

Describe Endotoxins

A

Cell wall structural components

113
Q

Which bacteria release Endotoxins?

A

Disintegrated

114
Q

Which type of bacteria release Endotoxins?

A

Gram Negative

115
Q

What type of cells also release Endotoxins?

A

Lysed

116
Q

What are the causes of Endotoxins production by lysed cells? (2 points)

A

Effective host defense

Certain antibiotics activities

117
Q

Give an example of an effective host defense

A

Lysozyme

118
Q

Give 2 examples of antibiotics of certain activities

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporin

119
Q

Where is the gene that codes for Endotoxins?

A

Chromosomes

120
Q

Describe the level of toxicity of Endotoxins?

A

Low

121
Q

Describe antigenicity of Endotoxins?

A

Poor

122
Q

Describe the action of Endotoxins?

A

Non-specific

123
Q

What does the action of Endotoxins cause?

2 points

A

Fever

Shock

124
Q

At what temperature is Endotoxins stable?

A

100 °C

125
Q

For how long are Endotoxins stable at this temperature?

A

1 hour

126
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that releases Endotoxins?

A

Meningococci

127
Q

Describe this release

A

Sepsis

Microbiology (12 decks)

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