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Infection Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the 2 types of infections are prevented in infection control

A

Health care acquired

Nosocomial

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2
Q

During what does the nosocomial infection is acquired?

A

Hospitalization

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3
Q

Describe the nosocomial infection upon admission (2 points)

A

Absent

Unincubated

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4
Q

When does the nosocomial infection occur?

A

After 72 hours

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5
Q

What could the nosocomial infection be extended to?

A

1 year

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6
Q

After what could the nosocomial infection be extended to 1 year?

A

Prosthesis insertion

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7
Q

What is the proportionality of the patients which have nosocomial infections?

A

3 in 100 patients

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8
Q

Which countries are where 3 in 100 patients are affected with nosocomial infections in?

A

Developed

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9
Q

What does the infection control reduce?

A

Health care cost

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10
Q

Describe the infection in which the infection control has to be important for

A

Fatal

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11
Q

What could be out of work if infected?

A

Health care personnel

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12
Q

What are the 5 commonest hospital-acquired infection?

A 
Urinary tract
Respiratory tract
Surgical site
Food born 
Hepatitis
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13
Q

What are the patients treated in which attributes hospital-acquired infection?

A

Close quarters

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14
Q

What are these patients subjected to?

2 points

A

Frequent contacts

Invasive procedures

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15
Q

What are the 3 invasive procedures which the patients are subjected to?

A

Catheterization
Inhalation therapy
Surgical interference

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16
Q

What does the Catheterization do?

A

Open the way

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17
Q

What does the Catheterization open the way to?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

What is involved in Inhalation therapy?

A

Moisture

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19
Q

What does this moisture help?

A

Growth

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20
Q

What does this moisture help the growth of?

A

Gram Negative Bacilli

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21
Q

What is lost in the Surgical interference?

2 points

A

Immunity

Skin

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22
Q

What is used which attributes hospital-acquired infection?

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

What do the antibiotics help the appearance of?

A

Drug-resistant bacteria

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24
Q

Which 4 patients are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?

A

Newborns
Elderly
Seriously ill
Long term

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25
Q

Describe these Newborns

A

Premature

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26
Q

Where are the seriously ill patients which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections? (3 points)

A

Burn unit
Surgical intensive care units (SICU)
Critical care units (CCU)

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27
Q

What is the percentage of the health-care acquired organisms which are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?

A

70%

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28
Q

What are the 2 examples of health-care acquired organisms?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative bacilli

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29
Q

What are the 2 examples of gram positive in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?

A

Staphylococcus aureus MRSA

Enterococci

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30
Q

What are the 2 examples of gram negative bacilli in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klebsiella

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31
Q

Among what does the 70% of the gram negative bacilli is especially being multi-resistant to antibiotics?

A

Neonates

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32
Q

What are the 6 health care workers on the hospital which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?

A 
Doctors 
Nurse 
Laboratory 
Central supply
Sterilizing department (CSSD)
Laundry personnel
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33
Q

Which 3 infections are these health workers at a high risk of?

A

Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
Human immunodeficiency virus

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34
Q

What is an aim of infection control procedures?

A

Cleanliness

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35
Q

What is used as the other aim of infection control procedures?

A

Protective measures

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36
Q

What is the vital procedure in cleanliness?

A

Hand-washing

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37
Q

When to wash your hands? (2 points)

A

Before and after contact with patient

After handling contaminated items

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38
Q

What are the 4 protective measures used?

A

Gloves
Mask
Cap
Boots

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39
Q

What are the 3 modes of infection spread in the hospital?

A

Contact
Transmission
Inoculation

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40
Q

What can the infection be associated with which is considered as a mode of infection?

A

Water

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41
Q

What can the infection be acquired from which is considered as a mode of infection? (4 points)

A

Food
Contaminated infusion
Environment
Equipment

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42
Q

What are the 2 modes of infection spread in the hospital by contact ?

A

Direct

Indirect

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43
Q

What is the most common way of transmit ion of infection in the hospital?

A

Direct contact

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44
Q

What is an example of direct contact?

A

Skin-to-skin

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45
Q

What is an example of a skin-to-skin contact?

A

Handshaking

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46
Q

What are the 2 examples of bacteria transmitted by direct contact?

A

S.aureus

Gram negative bacilli

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47
Q

What is an example of a gram negative bacilli which is transmitted by direct contact?

A

Klebsiella

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48
Q

What are the 3 examples of viruses transmitted by direct contact?

A

Respiratory syncetial virus
Hepatitis A
Rhinoviruses

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49
Q

What is an example of a fungus transmitted by direct contact?

A

Yeast

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50
Q

What is an example of a yeast transmitted by direct contact?

A

Candida

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51
Q

What does the susceptible patient come in contact with indirectly?

A

Contaminated inanimate surfaces

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52
Q

What can transmit infection by the indirect contact?

A

Rectal thermometer

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53
Q

What can the rectal thermometer transmit?

A

Salmonella spp.

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54
Q

What does the transmission occur by which is a mode of infection spread in the hospital?

A

Air

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55
Q

What is the infection which is transmitted by the air produced by?
(4 points)

A

Coughing
Sneezing
Talking
Suctioning

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56
Q

What can the infection which is transmitted by the air also be produced by?

A

Bronchoscopy

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57
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of air transmission?

A

Droplet
Air-born
Vector born

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58
Q

What is the unit used to measure the droplets?

A

Microns

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59
Q

What is the size of this droplet?

A

> 5 microns

60
Q

Where do these droplets rapidly settle out on?

A

Surface

61
Q

What are these droplets intransmissible beyond?

A

Few centimeters from the source

62
Q

Which bacteria leads to droplets formation?

A

Most

63
Q

What are the 2 viruses that lead to droplets formation?

A

Influenza

Rubella

64
Q

What is the air-born produced by?

A

Droplet

65
Q

What unit is used to measure the droplets?

A

Microns

66
Q

What is the size of this droplet?

A

<5 microns

67
Q

What happens to the suspended in droplets in air?

A

Remain

68
Q

Describe the periods in which the droplets will be suspended in air

A

Long

69
Q

What do these droplets reach once inhaled?

A

Alveoli

70
Q

What is the bacteria that causes air-born infection?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

71
Q

What are the 2 viruses that causes air-born infection?

A

Measles

Varicella

72
Q

What is the fungus that causes air-born infection?

A

Aspergillus

73
Q

What is involved in the vector born transmission in the hospital?

A

Flies

74
Q

Describe the transmission that could occur by flies in vector born transmission in the hospital

A

Rare

75
Q

What can lead to vector born transmission in the hospital?

2 points

A

Shigella

Salmonella

76
Q

What is an example of a vector born transmission?

A

Malaria

77
Q

What is the malaria transmitted by?

A

Mosquito bites

78
Q

What reduce the transmission of infection by incubation?

A

Disposable needles

79
Q

How many times are these disposable needles used?

A

Once

80
Q

What are the infections of main risk of injuries caused by?

A

Viruses

81
Q

What are the 3 viruses which are the main risk of injuries that cause infections?

A

Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV

82
Q

What is an example of a microorganism that causes an infection associated with water?

A

Pseudomonas

83
Q

Which areas do the Pseudomonas multiply in?

A

Moist

84
Q

What are the simple requirements that the pseudomonas have?

A

Growth

85
Q

What are the pseudomonas resistant to?

2 points

A

Antibiotics

Disinfectants

86
Q

Where is the pseudomonas present in?

6 points

A 
Mouth-wash
Dental water units
Oxygen humidifiers
Hot baths 
Plants 
Flowers
87
Q

What can the hospital food be a source of?

A

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

88
Q

What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria do?

A

Colonization

89
Q

What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria colonize?

A

Gut

90
Q

Which patients do these antibiotic resistant bacteria cause infection in?

A

Susceptible

91
Q

What is an example of this antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

Salmonella spp

92
Q

What is failed causing infection from contaminated infusion?

A

Sterilization

93
Q

During what does this sterilization fail causing an infection from contaminated infusion?

A

Manufacture

94
Q

What does a heavily contaminated infusion fluid cause?

A

Endotoxins shock

95
Q

What does the immediate heavily contaminated environment could be a potential source of? (2 points)

A

Air born

Direct contact

96
Q

What are the 3 equipments which spread infections in the hospitals?

A

Bed pans
Urinal
Endoscopes

97
Q

Which bacteria spread infections via bed pans and urinal? (2 points)

A

Enteric

Antibiotic resistant gram negative bacilli

98
Q

What is difficult to be done with Endoscopes?

A

Disinfection

99
Q

What are the 3 bacteria that spread infections via Endoscopes?

A

S.typhi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hepatitis B

100
Q

What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?

A

Disease

101
Q

What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?

A

Patient

102
Q

What are the 2 types of precautions?

A

Standard

Transmission-based

103
Q

Describe the standard precautions

A

Universal

104
Q

The transmission of what is reduced in the standard precautions?

A

Pathogens

105
Q

Which pathogen’s transmission is reduced by the standard precautions?
(2 points)

A

Blood born

Moist body substance

106
Q

Describe the infections in which these pathogen’s transmission are reduced from (2 points)

A

Recognizes

Unrecognized

107
Q

What is avoided to achieve the reduction of this transmission? (2 points)

A

Needle-stick injury

Wearing gloves

108
Q

What are discarded as a standard precaution?

A

Sharps

109
Q

Where are all sharps discarded in?

A

Puncture-resistant container

110
Q

What are the 4 transmission-based precautions?

A

Air-born
Droplet
Contact
Protective

111
Q

The transmission of what is reduced in the transmission-based precaution?

A

Infections

112
Q

Describe the patients in which the risk of their infection is reduced by transmission-based precaution (2 points)

A

Infected

Colonized

113
Q

Describe the pathogens where these patients are colonized with

A

Highly transmissible

114
Q

What happens to the patient in air-born precaution?

A

Isolated

115
Q

Describe the room where this person isolated in (3 points)

A

Private
Negative
Pressured

116
Q

How is this patient isolated by?

A

Wearing special nasal mask

117
Q

What is invoked in droplet precaution?

A

Mask

118
Q

Where is the worn?

A

Close contact

119
Q

What are introduced in the contact precaution which are always accompanied by reduction of infection rate? (2 points)

A

Hand-washing

Antiseptics

120
Q

What is responsible for the elimination of most pathogens in contact precaution?

A

Alcoholic preparations

121
Q

Which patients is the protective precaution used for?

A

Immuno-compromised

122
Q

What are the 6 patients in immuno-compromised patients?

A 
Neutropenic
Immunodeficienct 
Severe burns 
Transplant 
Leukemia 
Receiving radiotherapy
123
Q

What is a single most important measure used to reduce the risk of transmission of infection and done in all precautions?

A

Handwashing

124
Q

What is recommended to remove all bacteria? (2 points)

A

Simple soap

Water handwashing

125
Q

Which bacteria are all removed?

A

Transient

126
Q

For how long should a hand be washed by water?

A

10 seconds

127
Q

What can or cannot be worn while handwashing by water or using a simple soap?

A

Gloves

128
Q

When may handwashing be necessary?

A

Between procedures

129
Q

On which patient may handwashing be necessary to be done between procedures?

A

Same

130
Q

What is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?

A

Cross-contamination

131
Q

Cross-contamination of what is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?

A

Different body sites

132
Q

What are the 2 roles of Microbiology in infection control?

A

Monitoring

Investigations

133
Q

What does the microbiology monitor?

A

Routine

134
Q

What is involved in routine monitoring?

3 points

A

Testing
Renal dialysis unit
Bacterial air count

135
Q

What is tested?

A

Sterilization efficacy

136
Q

The sterilization efficacy of what is tested? (3 points)

A

Autoclave
Ethylene oxide
Plasma sterilizer

137
Q

What is used to test their sterilization efficacy?

A

Indicators

138
Q

Which indicators are used to test their sterilization efficacy?

A

Biological

Chemical

139
Q

What is done in renal dialysis unit?

A

Bacterial count

140
Q

How many times does the bacterial count done in renal dialysis?

A

Monthly

141
Q

What is the bacterial count done for?

2 points

A

Water tanks

Dailysate

142
Q

The bacterial count of also what is done monthly?

A

Operation room

143
Q

When are investigations done?

A

In outbreak of infections

144
Q

What do the investigations which are done in the outbreak of infection determine about the infection?

A

Source

145
Q

What are the 12 high risk-hospital areas which are in any infection program?

A 
Adult
Pediatric 
Neonatal CCU
ICU
Operating theatre
Renal dialysis unit 
Central supply and sterilizing department (CSSD)
Emergency room
Pharmacy 
Blood back 
Out-patients 
Dental clinic
146
Q

Which is the infection control program done in the pharmacy?

A

Total parenteral nutrition

Microbiology (12 decks)

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