Infection Control Flashcards
Define the 2 types of infections are prevented in infection control
Health care acquired
Nosocomial
During what does the nosocomial infection is acquired?
Hospitalization
Describe the nosocomial infection upon admission (2 points)
Absent
Unincubated
When does the nosocomial infection occur?
After 72 hours
What could the nosocomial infection be extended to?
1 year
After what could the nosocomial infection be extended to 1 year?
Prosthesis insertion
What is the proportionality of the patients which have nosocomial infections?
3 in 100 patients
Which countries are where 3 in 100 patients are affected with nosocomial infections in?
Developed
What does the infection control reduce?
Health care cost
Describe the infection in which the infection control has to be important for
Fatal
What could be out of work if infected?
Health care personnel
What are the 5 commonest hospital-acquired infection?
Urinary tract Respiratory tract Surgical site Food born Hepatitis
What are the patients treated in which attributes hospital-acquired infection?
Close quarters
What are these patients subjected to?
2 points
Frequent contacts
Invasive procedures
What are the 3 invasive procedures which the patients are subjected to?
Catheterization
Inhalation therapy
Surgical interference
What does the Catheterization do?
Open the way
What does the Catheterization open the way to?
Bacteria
What is involved in Inhalation therapy?
Moisture
What does this moisture help?
Growth
What does this moisture help the growth of?
Gram Negative Bacilli
What is lost in the Surgical interference?
2 points
Immunity
Skin
What is used which attributes hospital-acquired infection?
Antibiotics
What do the antibiotics help the appearance of?
Drug-resistant bacteria
Which 4 patients are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?
Newborns
Elderly
Seriously ill
Long term
Describe these Newborns
Premature
Where are the seriously ill patients which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections? (3 points)
Burn unit
Surgical intensive care units (SICU)
Critical care units (CCU)
What is the percentage of the health-care acquired organisms which are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
70%
What are the 2 examples of health-care acquired organisms?
Gram positive
Gram negative bacilli
What are the 2 examples of gram positive in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Staphylococcus aureus MRSA
Enterococci
What are the 2 examples of gram negative bacilli in which 70% of them are being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella
Among what does the 70% of the gram negative bacilli is especially being multi-resistant to antibiotics?
Neonates
What are the 6 health care workers on the hospital which are at a high risk of getting exposed to infections?
Doctors Nurse Laboratory Central supply Sterilizing department (CSSD) Laundry personnel
Which 3 infections are these health workers at a high risk of?
Hepatitis B virus
Hepatitis C virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
What is an aim of infection control procedures?
Cleanliness
What is used as the other aim of infection control procedures?
Protective measures
What is the vital procedure in cleanliness?
Hand-washing
When to wash your hands? (2 points)
Before and after contact with patient
After handling contaminated items
What are the 4 protective measures used?
Gloves
Mask
Cap
Boots
What are the 3 modes of infection spread in the hospital?
Contact
Transmission
Inoculation
What can the infection be associated with which is considered as a mode of infection?
Water
What can the infection be acquired from which is considered as a mode of infection? (4 points)
Food
Contaminated infusion
Environment
Equipment
What are the 2 modes of infection spread in the hospital by contact ?
Direct
Indirect
What is the most common way of transmit ion of infection in the hospital?
Direct contact
What is an example of direct contact?
Skin-to-skin
What is an example of a skin-to-skin contact?
Handshaking
What are the 2 examples of bacteria transmitted by direct contact?
S.aureus
Gram negative bacilli
What is an example of a gram negative bacilli which is transmitted by direct contact?
Klebsiella
What are the 3 examples of viruses transmitted by direct contact?
Respiratory syncetial virus
Hepatitis A
Rhinoviruses
What is an example of a fungus transmitted by direct contact?
Yeast
What is an example of a yeast transmitted by direct contact?
Candida
What does the susceptible patient come in contact with indirectly?
Contaminated inanimate surfaces
What can transmit infection by the indirect contact?
Rectal thermometer
What can the rectal thermometer transmit?
Salmonella spp.
What does the transmission occur by which is a mode of infection spread in the hospital?
Air
What is the infection which is transmitted by the air produced by?
(4 points)
Coughing
Sneezing
Talking
Suctioning
What can the infection which is transmitted by the air also be produced by?
Bronchoscopy
What are the 2 mechanisms of air transmission?
Droplet
Air-born
Vector born
What is the unit used to measure the droplets?
Microns
What is the size of this droplet?
> 5 microns
Where do these droplets rapidly settle out on?
Surface
What are these droplets intransmissible beyond?
Few centimeters from the source
Which bacteria leads to droplets formation?
Most
What are the 2 viruses that lead to droplets formation?
Influenza
Rubella
What is the air-born produced by?
Droplet
What unit is used to measure the droplets?
Microns
What is the size of this droplet?
<5 microns
What happens to the suspended in droplets in air?
Remain
Describe the periods in which the droplets will be suspended in air
Long
What do these droplets reach once inhaled?
Alveoli
What is the bacteria that causes air-born infection?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What are the 2 viruses that causes air-born infection?
Measles
Varicella
What is the fungus that causes air-born infection?
Aspergillus
What is involved in the vector born transmission in the hospital?
Flies
Describe the transmission that could occur by flies in vector born transmission in the hospital
Rare
What can lead to vector born transmission in the hospital?
2 points
Shigella
Salmonella
What is an example of a vector born transmission?
Malaria
What is the malaria transmitted by?
Mosquito bites
What reduce the transmission of infection by incubation?
Disposable needles
How many times are these disposable needles used?
Once
What are the infections of main risk of injuries caused by?
Viruses
What are the 3 viruses which are the main risk of injuries that cause infections?
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV
What is an example of a microorganism that causes an infection associated with water?
Pseudomonas
Which areas do the Pseudomonas multiply in?
Moist
What are the simple requirements that the pseudomonas have?
Growth
What are the pseudomonas resistant to?
2 points
Antibiotics
Disinfectants
Where is the pseudomonas present in?
6 points
Mouth-wash Dental water units Oxygen humidifiers Hot baths Plants Flowers
What can the hospital food be a source of?
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria do?
Colonization
What do these antibiotic resistant bacteria colonize?
Gut
Which patients do these antibiotic resistant bacteria cause infection in?
Susceptible
What is an example of this antibiotic resistant bacteria?
Salmonella spp
What is failed causing infection from contaminated infusion?
Sterilization
During what does this sterilization fail causing an infection from contaminated infusion?
Manufacture
What does a heavily contaminated infusion fluid cause?
Endotoxins shock
What does the immediate heavily contaminated environment could be a potential source of? (2 points)
Air born
Direct contact
What are the 3 equipments which spread infections in the hospitals?
Bed pans
Urinal
Endoscopes
Which bacteria spread infections via bed pans and urinal? (2 points)
Enteric
Antibiotic resistant gram negative bacilli
What is difficult to be done with Endoscopes?
Disinfection
What are the 3 bacteria that spread infections via Endoscopes?
S.typhi
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?
Disease
What is not isolated in the modern isolation practices?
Patient
What are the 2 types of precautions?
Standard
Transmission-based
Describe the standard precautions
Universal
The transmission of what is reduced in the standard precautions?
Pathogens
Which pathogen’s transmission is reduced by the standard precautions?
(2 points)
Blood born
Moist body substance
Describe the infections in which these pathogen’s transmission are reduced from (2 points)
Recognizes
Unrecognized
What is avoided to achieve the reduction of this transmission? (2 points)
Needle-stick injury
Wearing gloves
What are discarded as a standard precaution?
Sharps
Where are all sharps discarded in?
Puncture-resistant container
What are the 4 transmission-based precautions?
Air-born
Droplet
Contact
Protective
The transmission of what is reduced in the transmission-based precaution?
Infections
Describe the patients in which the risk of their infection is reduced by transmission-based precaution (2 points)
Infected
Colonized
Describe the pathogens where these patients are colonized with
Highly transmissible
What happens to the patient in air-born precaution?
Isolated
Describe the room where this person isolated in (3 points)
Private
Negative
Pressured
How is this patient isolated by?
Wearing special nasal mask
What is invoked in droplet precaution?
Mask
Where is the worn?
Close contact
What are introduced in the contact precaution which are always accompanied by reduction of infection rate? (2 points)
Hand-washing
Antiseptics
What is responsible for the elimination of most pathogens in contact precaution?
Alcoholic preparations
Which patients is the protective precaution used for?
Immuno-compromised
What are the 6 patients in immuno-compromised patients?
Neutropenic Immunodeficienct Severe burns Transplant Leukemia Receiving radiotherapy
What is a single most important measure used to reduce the risk of transmission of infection and done in all precautions?
Handwashing
What is recommended to remove all bacteria? (2 points)
Simple soap
Water handwashing
Which bacteria are all removed?
Transient
For how long should a hand be washed by water?
10 seconds
What can or cannot be worn while handwashing by water or using a simple soap?
Gloves
When may handwashing be necessary?
Between procedures
On which patient may handwashing be necessary to be done between procedures?
Same
What is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?
Cross-contamination
Cross-contamination of what is prevented when handwashing between procedures on the same patient?
Different body sites
What are the 2 roles of Microbiology in infection control?
Monitoring
Investigations
What does the microbiology monitor?
Routine
What is involved in routine monitoring?
3 points
Testing
Renal dialysis unit
Bacterial air count
What is tested?
Sterilization efficacy
The sterilization efficacy of what is tested? (3 points)
Autoclave
Ethylene oxide
Plasma sterilizer
What is used to test their sterilization efficacy?
Indicators
Which indicators are used to test their sterilization efficacy?
Biological
Chemical
What is done in renal dialysis unit?
Bacterial count
How many times does the bacterial count done in renal dialysis?
Monthly
What is the bacterial count done for?
2 points
Water tanks
Dailysate
The bacterial count of also what is done monthly?
Operation room
When are investigations done?
In outbreak of infections
What do the investigations which are done in the outbreak of infection determine about the infection?
Source
What are the 12 high risk-hospital areas which are in any infection program?
Adult Pediatric Neonatal CCU ICU Operating theatre Renal dialysis unit Central supply and sterilizing department (CSSD) Emergency room Pharmacy Blood back Out-patients Dental clinic
Which is the infection control program done in the pharmacy?
Total parenteral nutrition
