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Microbiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 bacterial growth requirements?

A 
Metal ions
Energy sources
Need/Lack of oxygen 
Optimum temperature
pH
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2
Q

What are the 5 bacterial nutritional growth requirements?

A 
Metal ions
Organic carbon sources
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
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3
Q

What is an example of these metal ions?

A

Iron

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4
Q

What do the bacteria obtain their energy from? (2 points)

A

Light

Chemical reactions

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5
Q

What are the bacteria that obtain their energy from light known as?

A

Phototrophs

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6
Q

What are the bacteria that obtain their energy from chemical reactions known as?

A

Chemotrophs

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7
Q

What are the 2 forms of Carbon which the bacteria obtain?

A

Organic

CO2

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8
Q

What are the bacteria that obtain organic carbon known as?

A

Heterotrophs

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9
Q

Which bacteria do these heterotrophs include?

A

Most pathogenic

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10
Q

What are the bacteria that obtain CO2 known as?

A

Autotrophs

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11
Q

What are the 5 classifications of bacteria according to their oxygen requirements?

A

Strict:
Aerobes
Anaerobes

Facultative anaerobes
Microaerophilic
Aerotolerant anaerobes

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12
Q

Describe the presence of oxygen in Strict Aerobes growth

A

A must

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13
Q

What cannot be carried out by Strict Aerobes?

A

Fermentation

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14
Q

What do Strict Aerobes lack?

A

Catalase

Superoxide Dismutase

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15
Q

What is an example of Strict Aerobic bacteria?

A

Pseudomonas

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16
Q

What happens to Strict Anaerobes in presence of oxygen?

A

Killed

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17
Q

What do Strict Anaerobes lack?

A

Catalase
Superoxide Dismutase
Peroxidase

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18
Q

What is an example of Strict Anaerobes?

A

Bacteroides

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19
Q

What do the Facultative Anaerobes do to their growth?

A

Switch

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20
Q

What do the Facultative Anaerobes switch between?

A

Metabolic types

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21
Q

What are the 2 metabolic types which Facultative Anaerobes switch between?

A

Aerobic

Anaerobic

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22
Q

What is an example of Facultative Anaerobic bacteria?

A

Staphylococci

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23
Q

What happens to Microaerophilic bacteria in presence of oxygen?

A

Grow well

killed

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24
Q

Which oxygen do Microaerophilic bacteria grow well at?

A

Low concentrations

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25
Q

Which oxygen are Microaerophilic bacteria killed at?

A

High concentrations

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26
Q

What are 3 examples of Microaerophilic bacteria?

A

Vibrio
Helicobacter
Campylobacter

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27
Q

What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes do with oxygen?

A

Tolerance

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28
Q

What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes cannot do with oxygen?

A

Usage

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29
Q

What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes live by?

A

Fermentation

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30
Q

What do Aerotolerant Anaerobes have?

A

Superoxide Dismutase

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31
Q

What is an example of Aerotolerant Anaerobic bacteria?

A

Clostridium perfringes

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32
Q

Define Oxygen Tolerance

A

Bacterial ability to detoxify aerobic respiration by-products

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33
Q

What are these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?

A

Superoxide

Hydrogen peroxide

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34
Q

What are the 2 enzymes produced by the bacteria that detoxify these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?

A

Superoxide dismutase

Catalase

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35
Q

What is the function of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase so they detoxify these 2 aerobic respiration by-products?

A

Conversion

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36
Q

What does Superoxide Dismutase convert?

A

Superoxide

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37
Q

What does Superoxide Dismutase convert Superoxide to?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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38
Q

Which 2 bacteria produce Superoxide Dismutase?

A

Aerobic

Aerotolerant

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39
Q

What does Catalase convert?

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

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40
Q

What does Catalase convert Hydrogen Peroxide? (2 points)

A

Water

Oxygen

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41
Q

Which bacteria produce Catalase?

A

Aerobic

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42
Q

How is sugar metabolism achieved? (3 points)

A

Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

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43
Q

What is the most common pathway?

A

Glycolysis

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44
Q

What is stored in Glycolysis?

A

Chemical energy

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45
Q

What is this chemical energy needed for?

A

Biosynthetic purposes

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46
Q

What are the 2 forms in which this chemical energy is stored as, in Glycolysis?

A

ATP

NADH

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47
Q

What are the 3 types of respiration?

A

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Fermentation

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48
Q

What is involved in Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations?

A

Final hydrogen recipient

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49
Q

Describe the state of this hydrogen

A

Electron

50
Q

What is this final hydrogen recipient in Aerobic respiration?

A

O2 molecule

51
Q

Which aerobic respiration process involves this O2 molecule?

A

Oxidation

52
Q

What is this final hydrogen recipient in Anaerobic respiration?

A

Inorganic molecule

53
Q

When does the Fermentation occurs?

A

Oxygen absence

54
Q

What is produced by these 3 types of respiration?

A

Energy

55
Q

Describe the energy production by Aerobic respiration in contrast with the other 2 types

A

Higher

56
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced by Aerobic respiration?

A

38

57
Q

Describe the energy production by Anaerobic respiration in contrast with the other 2 types

A

Small

58
Q

Describe the energy production by Fermentation in contrast with the other 2 types

A

Least

59
Q

What is the bacteria that need higher amount of CO2 known as?

A

Capnophilic

60
Q

What are the 2 Capnophilic bacteria?

A

Neisseria

Brucella

61
Q

Describe the temperature varieties where the bacteria grow in (2 points)

A

From close to freezing

To close to water boiling point

62
Q

What are the bacteria that grow at a high temperature known as?

A

Thermophiles

63
Q

What is the specific temperature where the Thermophiles grow at?

A

> 60°C

64
Q

What is a Thermophilic bacteria?

A

B.stearo-thermophylus

65
Q

Which pH do many bacteria grow well in?

A

Neutral

66
Q

Which pH do certain bacteria survive in?

A

Acidic

67
Q

What is the acidic pH where certain bacteria survive at?

A

4 or less

68
Q

What is an example of the certain bacteria which survive in acidic pH?

A

Lactobacilli

69
Q

What are the 4 bacterial growth phases?

A

Lag
Exponential
Stationary
Death

70
Q

When does Lag phase occur immediately after?

A

Cells inoculation

71
Q

What are cells inoculated into?

A

Medium

72
Q

Describe this medium

A

Fresh

73
Q

Describe the initial number of bacteria in the Log phase

A

Constant

74
Q

What occurs in the Log phase?

A

Enzyme synthesis

75
Q

Why do cells synthesize enzymes in the Log phase?

A

To adapt

76
Q

What do these cells use enzymes to adapt to?

A

Environment

77
Q

Which environment do these cells adapt to?

A

External

78
Q

What doesn’t occur in the Log phase?

A

Cell division

79
Q

What is Exponential phase also known as?

A

Logarithmic

80
Q

What occurs in the Exponential phase?

2 points

A

Cell division

Reproduction

81
Q

Describe this cell division

A

Regular

82
Q

Describe the rate of this cell division

A

Constant

83
Q

What do these cells divide and reproduce by?

A

Binary fission

84
Q

What happens to these cells during cell division and reproduction?

A

Elongate

85
Q

What happens to the double strands of the DNA during cell division and reproduction?

A

Separate

86
Q

What does each strand of the DNA act as during cell division and reproduction?

A

A template

87
Q

For what does each strand of the DNA act as a template during cell division and reproduction?

A

Synthesis

88
Q

What is synthesized during cell division and reproduction?

A

Strand

89
Q

Which strand is synthesized during cell division and reproduction?

A

Daughter

90
Q

What is seen during cell division and reproduction?

A

A septum

91
Q

Describe this septum

A

Transverse

92
Q

From where does this transverse septum

come from? (2 points)

A

Membrane

Cell wall

93
Q

What is the function of this transverse septum during cell division and reproduction?

A

Division

94
Q

What does this transverse septum divide?

A

Cytoplasm

95
Q

What does this transverse septum divide the cytoplasm into?

A

Parts

96
Q

How many parts does this transverse septum divide the cytoplasm into?

A

2

97
Q

Describe these 2 parts of the cytoplasm

A

Equal

98
Q

What do these 2 equal parts of the cytoplasm have?

A

A copy

99
Q

A copy of what is present in these 2 equal parts of the cytoplasm have?

A

Chromosome

100
Q

What will then happen to the cell during cell division and reproduction? (2 points)

A

Splits
Or
Remain attached

101
Q

What does this cell split into?

A

Daughter cells

102
Q

How many daughter cells does this cell split into?

A

2

103
Q

What are the 3 forms where the cell remains attached as?

A

Pairs
Chains
Clusters

104
Q

What is the rate of growth in the Exponential phase known as?

A

Generation/Doubling time

105
Q

What occurs in the Stationary phase?

2 points

A

Sporulation

Antibiotics production

106
Q

What happens to the growth rate in the Stationary phase?

A

Slows

107
Q

Describe the growth rate in the Stationary phase

A

Constant

108
Q

What is the slowing of the growth rate in the Stationary phase is due to? (3 points)

A

Depletion
Exhaustion
Accumulation

109
Q

What is depleted and exhausted in the Stationary phase?

A

Nutrients

110
Q

What is also exhausted in the Stationary phase?

A

Biological space

111
Q

What is also accumulated in the Stationary phase?

A

Toxic products

112
Q

Describe the new cells produced and the dead cells in the Stationary phase

A

Balanced

113
Q

Describe the rate of growth and the rate of death in the Stationary phase

A

Equal

114
Q

What is Death phase also known as?

A

Decline

115
Q

What is declined in the Death phase?

A

Population

116
Q

Which cells is where their population declined in the Death phase?

A

Viable

117
Q

Describe the death rate in the death phase

A

Increased

118
Q

What occurs in the death phase? (3 points)

A

Depletion
Exhaustion
Accumulation

119
Q

What is depleted and exhausted in the Death phase?

A

Nutrients

120
Q

What is accumulated in the Death phase?

A

Toxic products

Microbiology (12 decks)

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