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Microbiology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that Infect bacteria

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2
Q

What is the unit used to measure the Bacteriophage?

A

Nanometer

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3
Q

What is the length range of the Bacteriophage?

A

24-200

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4
Q

What does the Bacteriophage consist of?

2 points

A

Head

Tail

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5
Q

What is the Bacteriophage’s head known as?

A

Capsid

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6
Q

What is the function of this head?

A

Protection

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7
Q

What does this head protects?

A

Nucleic acid

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8
Q

What is this nucleic acid?

A

DNA

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9
Q

Which nucleic acid is rarely found in the head?

A

RNA

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10
Q

Describe Bacteriophage’s Tail

A

Tube

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11
Q

Describe this tube

A

Hollow

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12
Q

Describe the occurrence of Bacteriophage’s Tail

A

Attached

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13
Q

What is the Bacteriophage’s Tail attached to?

A

Head

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14
Q

What does Bacteriophage’s Tail consist of?

3 points

A

Sheath
Base plate
Fibers

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15
Q

Describe this sheath

A

Contractile

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16
Q

Where is the contractile sheath in the tail?

A

Surrounds it

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17
Q

Where is the base plate and the fibers at ,in the tail?

A

Its end

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18
Q

Describe the occurrence of these fibers

A

Attached

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19
Q

What are the fibers attached to?

A

Base plate

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20
Q

What are the 3 steps of Bacteriophage when infecting host cells?

A

Adsorption
Attachment
Contraction/ Penetration

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21
Q

What is the adsorption mediated by?

A

Fibers

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22
Q

What is the function of these fibers?

A

Attachment

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23
Q

What do these fibers attach to?

A

Receptors

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24
Q

Describe these receptors

A

Specific

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25
Q

Where are these specific receptors found on?

A

Bacterial cell

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26
Q

What feature of the fibers is essential in a determination?

A

Type

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27
Q

What feature of a Bacteriophage does the type of fibers determine?

A

Specificity

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28
Q

What is this specificity for?

A

Host

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29
Q

What is the attachment of the Bacteriophage mediated by?

A

Base plate

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30
Q

Describe this attachment

A

Irreversible

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31
Q

What does the Bacteriophage attach to

A

Bacterium

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32
Q

What makes the contraction/penetration?

A

Sheath

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33
Q

What happens when the sheath contracts?

A

Injection

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34
Q

What is injected due to the contraction of the sheath?

A

Nucleic acid

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35
Q

What is this nucleic acid injected into?

A

Bacterial cell

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36
Q

Which 2 parts of the Bacteriophage are left empty outside?

A

Head

Tail

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37
Q

What are the 2 multiplication cycles of the Bacteriophage?

A

Lytic

Temperate

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38
Q

Describe the Bacteriophage in the lytic cycle

A

Virulent

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39
Q

What does this virulent Bacteriophage do firstly in the lytic cycle?

A

Multiply

40
Q

Where does this virulent Bacteriophage multiply inside?

A

Bacteria

41
Q

What does this virulent Bacteriophage then do with the bacterial cell?

A

Kills it

42
Q

How does the Bacteriophage kill this bacterial cell?

A

Lysis

43
Q

At which part of the lytic cycle does this Bacteriophage kill the bacterial cell by lysis?

A

End

44
Q

What is the Temperate cycle also known as?

A

Lysogenic

45
Q

What feature of the virus is involved in the Temperate cycle?

A

DNA

46
Q

What happens to this DNA?

A

Integrates

47
Q

What does this DNA integrate into?

A

Bacterial chromosome

48
Q

What then happens to the DNA and the bacterial chromosome together?

A

Replicated

49
Q

When does the replication of these DNA and the bacterial chromosome occur?

A

During cell division

50
Q

What is not usually done by the temperate viruses?

A

Killing

51
Q

What do the Temperate viruses not usually kill?

A

Bacterial cells

52
Q

Describe these bacterial cells

A

Host

53
Q

Which host bacterial cells are not usually killed by the Bacteriophage?

A

Which they infect

54
Q

What are these infected bacteria known as in the Temperate cycle?

A

Lysogenic

55
Q

What is the virus known as in this state?

A

Prophage

56
Q

What does the lysogenic bacteria acquire?

A

Properties

57
Q

Describe these properties

A

New

58
Q

What feature of the Bacteriophage changes the properties of the bacterial cell?

A

Genes

59
Q

Describe these genes

A

Extra

60
Q

What is the process of changing the bacterial properties by acquiring new ones due to the Bacteriophage’s new genes known as?

A

Lysogenic/Phage conversion

61
Q

Describe the significance of the lysogenic/phage conversion

A

Clinical

62
Q

What is produced so that the lysogenic/phage conversion could be clinically significant?

A

Exotoxins

63
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that produces these exotoxins?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheria

64
Q

What is the Exotoxin production by Corynebacterium diphtheria mediated by?

A

Gene

65
Q

What carries this gene?

A

Bacteriophage

66
Q

What property is acquired by the lysogenic bacteria?

A

Immunity

67
Q

What is the lysogenic bacteria immune to?

A

Infection

68
Q

What causes this infection in which the bacteria is immune to?

A

Another virus

69
Q

What is the fate of the Bacteriophage in the Temperate cycle? (2 points)

A

Propagate

Detach

70
Q

Describe this propagation

A

Indefinite

71
Q

What does the Bacteriophage propagate in?

A

Daughter cells

72
Q

What does the Bacteriophage detach from in the Temperate cycle?

A

Chromosome

73
Q

Describe this detachment (2 points)

A

Spontaneous
Or
Induced

74
Q

What is this detachment induced by?

A

Several conditions

75
Q

Describe the conditions which induce the detachment of Bacteriophage

A

Exposure

76
Q

What are the 3 exposures which induce the detachment of Bacteriophage?

A

UV
Or
Radiation

Chemicals

77
Q

Describe this radiation

A

Ionizing

78
Q

Describe these chemicals

A

Mutagenic

79
Q

What do Bacteriophages sometimes do while detaching?

A

Carry genes

80
Q

What are these genes of?

A

Bacterial chromosome

81
Q

What does the Bacteriophage carry the genes of bacterial chromosome to?

A

Another bacteria

82
Q

What is the process of carrying the genes of bacterial chromosome by a Bacteriophage to another bacteria known as?

A

Specialized Transduction

83
Q

What can be terminated in the fate of the Temperate cycle?

A

Lysogenic state

84
Q

What is the Bacteriophage important in?

2 points

A

Typing

Cloning

85
Q

What is typed by the Bacteriophage?

A

Bacteria

86
Q

What is this bacteria typed with? (2 points)

A

Reactions

Antigens

87
Q

Describe these reactions (2 points)

A

Identical

Biochemical

88
Q

Describe these antigens

A

Common

89
Q

When is the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage usually done?

A

Outbreak

90
Q

For what is the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage usually done during an outbreak?

A

Identification

91
Q

What is identified due to the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage during an outbreak?

A

Infection

92
Q

What feature of infection is identified due to the typing of bacteria by the Bacteriophage during an outbreak?

A

Source

93
Q

What is an example of these infections?

A

Wound

94
Q

What is the bacteria that produces this wound infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

95
Q

Describe the cloned Bacteriophage

A

Vector

96
Q

What is this vector cloned in?

A

Techniques

97
Q

Which techniques is the vector cloned in?

A

Recombinant

Microbiology (12 decks)

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