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Microbiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to the Microorganisms in order for the microbial growth control to be affected? (2 points)

A

Killed

Growth’s inhibited

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2
Q

What is being sterilized? (2 points)

A

Viable organisms

Objects

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3
Q

Give an example of a feature also being sterilized in accompany with the viable organism

A

Spores

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4
Q

How are the 3 sterilized?

A

Completely:

Destructed/Eliminated

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5
Q

What are the 5 methods being used in sterilization procedures?

A 
Physical
Irradiation
Filtration
Chemical 
Gas
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6
Q

What is eliminated during Disinfection?

A

Pathogenic organisms

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7
Q

What feature is not eliminated which is accompany by pathogenic organisms during Disinfection?

A

Spores

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8
Q

What is eliminated during Cleaning?

A

Organic materials

Dust

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9
Q

Which dust is eliminated during cleaning?

A

Which interfere with:
Sterilization
Disinfection

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10
Q

What is used in cleaning in order to be done?

A

Soap

Water

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11
Q

Describe the soap

A

Detergent

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12
Q

Order the microorganisms according to their resistance to sterilization and disinfection from the most resistant

A 
Prions
Spores
Mycobacteria 
Small non-enveloped virus
Fungi 
Large non-enveloped virus
Vegetative bacteria
Lipid enveloped virus
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13
Q

Give an example of small non-enveloped virus

A

Polio

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14
Q

Give an example of large non-enveloped virus

A

Adenovirus

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15
Q

Give 2 examples of Lipid enveloped viruses

A

HBV

HIV

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16
Q

What is the most living organism which is resistant to sterilization and disinfection?

A

Prions

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17
Q

What are the 3 physical methods of sterilization and disinfection?

A

Heat
Irradiation
Filtration

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18
Q

Describe the physical heat method of sterilization and disinfection
(5 points)

A

Safest
Efficient
Inexpensive

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19
Q

What is the most viable forms that resist heat?

A

Bacterial spores

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20
Q

What indicates the sterility of spores?

A

Their destruction

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of Physical heat sterilization and disinfection?

A

Moist

Dry

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22
Q

What is moist heat?

A

Water

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23
Q

What does moist heat act by? (2 point)

A

Coagulation

Denaturation

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24
Q

From where does the coagulation and denaturation obtained?

A

Microorganisms

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25
Q

How is the advantage of acting by coagulation?

A

Penetrable

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26
Q

Describe the 2 temperatures used in most heat

A

At 100 °C

Above 100 °C

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27
Q

Describe moist heat at 100 °C

A

Boiling at atmospheric pressure

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28
Q

For how long does moist heat boiling at 100 °C take?

A

10 minutes

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29
Q

What would moist heat boiling at 100 °C

kill?

A

Non-spores

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30
Q

Which non-spores are killed?

A

That form pathogenic microbes

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31
Q

What is used in moist heat boiling above 100 °C?

A

Autoclaving

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32
Q

What is Autoclaving?

A

Steam sterilization

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33
Q

What are the 2 types of autoclaving?

A

Steam under pressure

Pressure cooker

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34
Q

What are the 2 temperatures used in autoclaving?

A

121 °C

134 °C

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35
Q

For how long does moist heat at 121°C takes?

A

15 minutes

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36
Q

Describe the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 121 °C

A

Double

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37
Q

For how long does moist heat at 134°C takes?

A

3-6 minutes

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38
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 134 °C

A

3

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39
Q

What would the moist heat above 100 °C

(Auto-claving) kill?

A

Spores

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40
Q

Which spores are killed?

A

That form organisms

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41
Q

What does this apparatus frequently sterilize?

A

Almost anything

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42
Q

What exactly does this apparatus frequently sterilize?

2 points

A

Surgical instruments

Linen

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43
Q

What is not frequently sterilized by this apparatus?

A

Heat-labile substances

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44
Q

What could happen to the heat-labile substances if they were frequently sterilized by this apparatus’s heat?
(2 points)

A

Denatured

Destroyed

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45
Q

What are the 4 factors that must be considered to obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave?

A

Air
Sterile hot air
Steam
Surgical instruments

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46
Q

To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave what has to be done with the air?

A

Elimination

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47
Q

What would happen if the air is not eliminated? (2 points)

A

Interferes with steam penetrability

Reduces chamber temperature

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48
Q

What makes the sterile hot air essential?

A

Dry items

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49
Q

When does the sterile hot air dry items?

A

At the end of the cycle

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50
Q

To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave, describe the steam (2 points)

A

Under pressure

Saturated

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51
Q

What are the 4 advantages of Autoclave?

A

Act by coagulation
Latent heat liberation
Non-toxic
Inexpensive.

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52
Q

What is autoclave not used for?

5 points

A 
Heat sensitive item
Powder 
Mineral oil
Lubricants
Waxes
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53
Q

What are the 3 methods of monitoring the autoclave sterilization process

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

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54
Q

What does the physical monitoring observe?

A

Sterilizer function

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55
Q

Give 3 examples of sterilizer function

A

Temperature
Pressure
Time

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56
Q

What does the chemical monitoring describe?

A

Indicators color change

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57
Q

How many times is biological monitoring done?

A

At least every week

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58
Q

What is used when monitoring biologically?

A

Spores

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59
Q

Describe the spores used

2 points

A

Exposed to sterilization process

Show no growth when cultured

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60
Q

Where are spores cultured in?

A

Broth

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61
Q

What are the 2 methods of dry heat?

A

Hot air oven

Incineration

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62
Q

What does hot air oven act by?

A

Oxidation

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63
Q

What is hot air oven used for?

2 points

A

Glassware

Metals

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64
Q

What are the 2 temperature used in hot air oven?

A

160 °C

180 °C

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65
Q

For how long does hot air oven at 160 °C take?

A

2 hours

66
Q

For how long does hot air oven at 180 °C take?

A

1 hour

67
Q

How are organisms affected by Incineration?

A

Burnt

Destroyed

68
Q

What is Incineration used for?

3 points

A

Loops
Forceps
Hospital waste disposal

69
Q

What are is dry heat sterilization used for? (4 points)

A

Waterless oil
Lubricants
Waxes
Powders

70
Q

What are the advantages of dry heat sterilization? (2 points)

A

Low:
Corrosiveness
Cost

71
Q

What are the disadvantages of dry heat sterilization? (3 points)

A

Long sterilization time
Causes damage to rubbers
Low penetrability

72
Q

What is the effect of Irradiation?

2 points

A

Destruction

Distortion

73
Q

What does Irradiation usually destroys or distorts?

A

Nucleic acid

74
Q

Give 2 examples of Irradiation

A

Gamma irradiation

Beta-rays

75
Q

Describe Filtration

A

Physical removal of microorganisms

76
Q

What are the 2 forms of microorganisms which are physically removed?

A

Liquid

Gas

77
Q

Which solutions must be sterilized?

A

Solutions denatured by heat

78
Q

What are the 2 filters used to sterilize solutions denatured by heat?

A

Millipore

High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)

79
Q

What are Millipore filters used for?

A

Sterilization

80
Q

What do Millipore filters sterilize? (2 points)

A

Fluid

Antibiotics

81
Q

What are Millipore filters made of?

A

Cellulose acetate

82
Q

What is the advantages derived from having Cellulose acetate as the composition of Millipore ,to the filter?
(3 points)

A

Rapid
Don’t:
Absorb substance
Affect filtrate

83
Q

What are High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter used for?

A

Filtration

84
Q

What do High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter?

A

Air

85
Q

Which air is filtered using High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)? (3 points)

A

Operating theatre
Laminar flow
Drug factories

86
Q

What is used in Chemical method?

A

Ethylene oxide

87
Q

What is used in Gas method?

A

Gas plasma

88
Q

What are Ethylene oxide and Gas plasma used to sterilize ?

A

Heat sensitive medical devices

89
Q

Describe Ethylene oxide

A

Toxic chemical

90
Q

What does Ethylene oxide kill?

A

All living things

91
Q

What are the disadvantages of using Ethylene oxide? (3 points)

A

Toxic
Expensive
Limited

92
Q

What does Gas plasma system use?

A

Highly ionized gas

93
Q

Describe the 2 highly ionized gases

A

Vapors

94
Q

What are the 2 highly ionized gases?

A

Hydrogen peroxide

Peracitic

95
Q

Which vapor is a “phase”?

A

Peracitic

96
Q

What are the by-products of hydrogen peroxide vapor?

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲-𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞

A

Water

Oxygen

97
Q

In comparison with hydrogen peroxide vapor, describe peracitic vapor phase

A

Less damaging

98
Q

What is the advantage of Gas plasma?

A

Safe

99
Q

What is Gas plasma safe for?

2 points

A

Environment

Health care workers

100
Q

What are the 2 agents in which microbial growth could be controlled by?

A

Chemical

Physical

101
Q

What chemical agent is used to control the microbial growth?

A

Antimicrobial

102
Q

What are the 2 Antimicrobial agents?

A

Antiseptics

Disinfectants

103
Q

What cannot be done with either agents?

A

Ingestion

104
Q

Describe Antiseptics

A

Microbicidal

105
Q

Where can Antiseptics be applied on?

A

Living tissues

106
Q

Give 2 examples of living tissues where Antiseptics can be applied on

A

Skin

Mucous membrane

107
Q

Give an example of Antiseptics

A

Alcohol

108
Q

What is the function of Disinfectants?

A

Kill microorganisms

109
Q

What are not killed by Disinfectants?

A

Spores

110
Q

Where are Disinfectants not used to be applied on?

A

Living tissues

111
Q

Describe the application of Disinfectants on living tissues

A

Not safe

112
Q

Where can Disinfectants be applied on?

A

Inanimate objects

113
Q

Give 3 examples of Inanimate objects where Antiseptics can be applied on

A

Tables
Floors
Utensils

114
Q

Give examples of Disinfectants

A

Chlorine compounds

115
Q

What are the 3 levels of Disinfectants

A

High
Moderate/Intermediate
Low

116
Q

What is High level disinfectant (HLD) used for?

A

Heat sensitive semi-critical item

117
Q

Give an example of heat sensitive semi-critical item

A

Endoscopes

118
Q

What is the function of High level disinfectant (HLD)?

A

Destruction

119
Q

What does High level disinfectant (HLD) destroy? (4 points)

A 
Vegetative bacteria
All:
Fungi
Non-lipid enveloped viruses
Lipid enveloped viruses
120
Q

What is the bacteria which is destroyed by High level disinfectant (HLD) and is also a Vegetative bacteria?

A

Mycobacteria

121
Q

Give 3 examples of High level disinfectant (HLD)

A

Glutaraldhyde
Hydrogen peroxides (H2O2)
Peracetic acid

122
Q

What is the percentage of Glutaraldhyde for it to be considered as a High level disinfectant (HLD)?

A

2%

123
Q

What are Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) and Low level disinfectant (LLD) used for?

A

Non-critical items

124
Q

Give an example of a non-critical item disinfected by Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) ?

A

Stethoscope

125
Q

Give 2 examples of non-critical items disinfected by Low level disinfectant (LLD)?

A

Surface

Floor

126
Q

What is Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) not effective against?

A

Non-lipid viruses

127
Q

Give 4 examples of Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)

A

Alcohol
Chlorine
Iodophors
Phenol

128
Q

What is the percentage of Alcohol for it to be considered as a Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)?

A

70%

129
Q

What is Low level disinfectant (LLD) not effective against?

A

Spores
Non-lipid viruses
Mycobacteria

130
Q

Give an example of Low level disinfectant (LLD)

A

Phenol

131
Q

What is the classification of the 3 items of medical devices?

A

Critical
Semi-critical
Non-critical

132
Q

Based on what are the 3 items of medical devices classified?

A

The risk of infection in patients

133
Q

Where do critical items enter?

A

Sterile area

134
Q

Give 2 examples of the sterile area

A

Tissue

Cavity

135
Q

What should critical items be sterilized by? (2 points)

A

Autoclave

Ethylene oxide

136
Q

What do semi-critical items come in contact with? (2 points)

A

Mucous

Non-intact skin

137
Q

Give 2 examples of Non-intact skin

A

Endoscope

Thermometer

138
Q

What are semi-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?

A

HLD

139
Q

What do non-critical items come in contact with?

A

Skin

140
Q

What are non-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?

A

ILD

LLD

141
Q

Give 3 examples of non-critical items

A

Blood pressure cuffs
Stethoscope
Bedpans

142
Q

What are the 4 physical agents

A

Heat application
Low temperature
Drying
Ultraviolet irradiation

143
Q

What 2 factors have to be considered in heat application?

A

Time

Temperature

144
Q

When should time and temperature be considered in heat application?

A

Whenever heat is used to control microbial growth

145
Q

What are the 2 heat applications?

A

Boiling

Sterilization

146
Q

For how long does the boiling takes?

A

30 minutes

147
Q

What does the boiling kill?

A

Everything

148
Q

What is not killed by boiling?

A

Spores

149
Q

What are the 2 sterilization methods used in heat application?

A

Autoclave

Hot air over

150
Q

What does the sterilization kill?

A

All micro-organisms

151
Q

What are also killed by sterilization in accompany with all microorganisms?

A

Spores

152
Q

Where is sterilization commonly employed in?

A

Sterile packaging procedures

153
Q

What is used to lower the temperature?

A

Refrigerator

Freezer

154
Q

What is the condition in which most microorganisms cannot grow in?

A

Reduced water activity

155
Q

What are the 4 drying methods

A 
Heat
Evaporation
Freeze-drying
Addition of :
Salt
Sugar
156
Q

What is used in Ultraviolet irradiations?

A

UV light

157
Q

Describe Ultraviolet irradiations rays

3 points

A

Non-ionizing
Have:
Low energy
Low penetrability

158
Q

What are Ultraviolet irradiations affected by?

A

Dust

159
Q

What is this dust used for?

A

Reducing bacterial air count

160
Q

Where is bacterial air count reduced in?

3 points

A

Operation rooms
Laboratory laminar flow
Hospital rooms

161
Q

When is dust used to reduce bacterial air count in hospital rooms?

A

After discharging the case

162
Q

What does this case have?

A

Open tuberculosis

Microbiology (12 decks)

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