Chapter 8 Flashcards
What happens to the Microorganisms in order for the microbial growth control to be affected? (2 points)
Killed
Growth’s inhibited
What is being sterilized? (2 points)
Viable organisms
Objects
Give an example of a feature also being sterilized in accompany with the viable organism
Spores
How are the 3 sterilized?
Completely:
Destructed/Eliminated
What are the 5 methods being used in sterilization procedures?
Physical Irradiation Filtration Chemical Gas
What is eliminated during Disinfection?
Pathogenic organisms
What feature is not eliminated which is accompany by pathogenic organisms during Disinfection?
Spores
What is eliminated during Cleaning?
Organic materials
Dust
Which dust is eliminated during cleaning?
Which interfere with:
Sterilization
Disinfection
What is used in cleaning in order to be done?
Soap
Water
Describe the soap
Detergent
Order the microorganisms according to their resistance to sterilization and disinfection from the most resistant
Prions Spores Mycobacteria Small non-enveloped virus Fungi Large non-enveloped virus Vegetative bacteria Lipid enveloped virus
Give an example of small non-enveloped virus
Polio
Give an example of large non-enveloped virus
Adenovirus
Give 2 examples of Lipid enveloped viruses
HBV
HIV
What is the most living organism which is resistant to sterilization and disinfection?
Prions
What are the 3 physical methods of sterilization and disinfection?
Heat
Irradiation
Filtration
Describe the physical heat method of sterilization and disinfection
(5 points)
Safest
Efficient
Inexpensive
What is the most viable forms that resist heat?
Bacterial spores
What indicates the sterility of spores?
Their destruction
What are the 2 types of Physical heat sterilization and disinfection?
Moist
Dry
What is moist heat?
Water
What does moist heat act by? (2 point)
Coagulation
Denaturation
From where does the coagulation and denaturation obtained?
Microorganisms
How is the advantage of acting by coagulation?
Penetrable
Describe the 2 temperatures used in most heat
At 100 °C
Above 100 °C
Describe moist heat at 100 °C
Boiling at atmospheric pressure
For how long does moist heat boiling at 100 °C take?
10 minutes
What would moist heat boiling at 100 °C
kill?
Non-spores
Which non-spores are killed?
That form pathogenic microbes
What is used in moist heat boiling above 100 °C?
Autoclaving
What is Autoclaving?
Steam sterilization
What are the 2 types of autoclaving?
Steam under pressure
Pressure cooker
What are the 2 temperatures used in autoclaving?
121 °C
134 °C
For how long does moist heat at 121°C takes?
15 minutes
Describe the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 121 °C
Double
For how long does moist heat at 134°C takes?
3-6 minutes
What is the atmospheric pressure of the moist heat at 134 °C
3
What would the moist heat above 100 °C
(Auto-claving) kill?
Spores
Which spores are killed?
That form organisms
What does this apparatus frequently sterilize?
Almost anything
What exactly does this apparatus frequently sterilize?
2 points
Surgical instruments
Linen
What is not frequently sterilized by this apparatus?
Heat-labile substances
What could happen to the heat-labile substances if they were frequently sterilized by this apparatus’s heat?
(2 points)
Denatured
Destroyed
What are the 4 factors that must be considered to obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave?
Air
Sterile hot air
Steam
Surgical instruments
To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave what has to be done with the air?
Elimination
What would happen if the air is not eliminated? (2 points)
Interferes with steam penetrability
Reduces chamber temperature
What makes the sterile hot air essential?
Dry items
When does the sterile hot air dry items?
At the end of the cycle
To obtain efficient sterilization by the autoclave, describe the steam (2 points)
Under pressure
Saturated
What are the 4 advantages of Autoclave?
Act by coagulation
Latent heat liberation
Non-toxic
Inexpensive.
What is autoclave not used for?
5 points
Heat sensitive item Powder Mineral oil Lubricants Waxes
What are the 3 methods of monitoring the autoclave sterilization process
Physical
Chemical
Biological
What does the physical monitoring observe?
Sterilizer function
Give 3 examples of sterilizer function
Temperature
Pressure
Time
What does the chemical monitoring describe?
Indicators color change
How many times is biological monitoring done?
At least every week
What is used when monitoring biologically?
Spores
Describe the spores used
2 points
Exposed to sterilization process
Show no growth when cultured
Where are spores cultured in?
Broth
What are the 2 methods of dry heat?
Hot air oven
Incineration
What does hot air oven act by?
Oxidation
What is hot air oven used for?
2 points
Glassware
Metals
What are the 2 temperature used in hot air oven?
160 °C
180 °C
For how long does hot air oven at 160 °C take?
2 hours
For how long does hot air oven at 180 °C take?
1 hour
How are organisms affected by Incineration?
Burnt
Destroyed
What is Incineration used for?
3 points
Loops
Forceps
Hospital waste disposal
What are is dry heat sterilization used for? (4 points)
Waterless oil
Lubricants
Waxes
Powders
What are the advantages of dry heat sterilization? (2 points)
Low:
Corrosiveness
Cost
What are the disadvantages of dry heat sterilization? (3 points)
Long sterilization time
Causes damage to rubbers
Low penetrability
What is the effect of Irradiation?
2 points
Destruction
Distortion
What does Irradiation usually destroys or distorts?
Nucleic acid
Give 2 examples of Irradiation
Gamma irradiation
Beta-rays
Describe Filtration
Physical removal of microorganisms
What are the 2 forms of microorganisms which are physically removed?
Liquid
Gas
Which solutions must be sterilized?
Solutions denatured by heat
What are the 2 filters used to sterilize solutions denatured by heat?
Millipore
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
What are Millipore filters used for?
Sterilization
What do Millipore filters sterilize? (2 points)
Fluid
Antibiotics
What are Millipore filters made of?
Cellulose acetate
What is the advantages derived from having Cellulose acetate as the composition of Millipore ,to the filter?
(3 points)
Rapid
Don’t:
Absorb substance
Affect filtrate
What are High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter used for?
Filtration
What do High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter?
Air
Which air is filtered using High efficiency particulate air (HEPA)? (3 points)
Operating theatre
Laminar flow
Drug factories
What is used in Chemical method?
Ethylene oxide
What is used in Gas method?
Gas plasma
What are Ethylene oxide and Gas plasma used to sterilize ?
Heat sensitive medical devices
Describe Ethylene oxide
Toxic chemical
What does Ethylene oxide kill?
All living things
What are the disadvantages of using Ethylene oxide? (3 points)
Toxic
Expensive
Limited
What does Gas plasma system use?
Highly ionized gas
Describe the 2 highly ionized gases
Vapors
What are the 2 highly ionized gases?
Hydrogen peroxide
Peracitic
Which vapor is a “phase”?
Peracitic
What are the by-products of hydrogen peroxide vapor?
𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞: 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐛𝐲-𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐝𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞
Water
Oxygen
In comparison with hydrogen peroxide vapor, describe peracitic vapor phase
Less damaging
What is the advantage of Gas plasma?
Safe
What is Gas plasma safe for?
2 points
Environment
Health care workers
What are the 2 agents in which microbial growth could be controlled by?
Chemical
Physical
What chemical agent is used to control the microbial growth?
Antimicrobial
What are the 2 Antimicrobial agents?
Antiseptics
Disinfectants
What cannot be done with either agents?
Ingestion
Describe Antiseptics
Microbicidal
Where can Antiseptics be applied on?
Living tissues
Give 2 examples of living tissues where Antiseptics can be applied on
Skin
Mucous membrane
Give an example of Antiseptics
Alcohol
What is the function of Disinfectants?
Kill microorganisms
What are not killed by Disinfectants?
Spores
Where are Disinfectants not used to be applied on?
Living tissues
Describe the application of Disinfectants on living tissues
Not safe
Where can Disinfectants be applied on?
Inanimate objects
Give 3 examples of Inanimate objects where Antiseptics can be applied on
Tables
Floors
Utensils
Give examples of Disinfectants
Chlorine compounds
What are the 3 levels of Disinfectants
High
Moderate/Intermediate
Low
What is High level disinfectant (HLD) used for?
Heat sensitive semi-critical item
Give an example of heat sensitive semi-critical item
Endoscopes
What is the function of High level disinfectant (HLD)?
Destruction
What does High level disinfectant (HLD) destroy? (4 points)
Vegetative bacteria All: Fungi Non-lipid enveloped viruses Lipid enveloped viruses
What is the bacteria which is destroyed by High level disinfectant (HLD) and is also a Vegetative bacteria?
Mycobacteria
Give 3 examples of High level disinfectant (HLD)
Glutaraldhyde
Hydrogen peroxides (H2O2)
Peracetic acid
What is the percentage of Glutaraldhyde for it to be considered as a High level disinfectant (HLD)?
2%
What are Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) and Low level disinfectant (LLD) used for?
Non-critical items
Give an example of a non-critical item disinfected by Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) ?
Stethoscope
Give 2 examples of non-critical items disinfected by Low level disinfectant (LLD)?
Surface
Floor
What is Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD) not effective against?
Non-lipid viruses
Give 4 examples of Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)
Alcohol
Chlorine
Iodophors
Phenol
What is the percentage of Alcohol for it to be considered as a Moderate/Intermediate level disinfectant (ILD)?
70%
What is Low level disinfectant (LLD) not effective against?
Spores
Non-lipid viruses
Mycobacteria
Give an example of Low level disinfectant (LLD)
Phenol
What is the classification of the 3 items of medical devices?
Critical
Semi-critical
Non-critical
Based on what are the 3 items of medical devices classified?
The risk of infection in patients
Where do critical items enter?
Sterile area
Give 2 examples of the sterile area
Tissue
Cavity
What should critical items be sterilized by? (2 points)
Autoclave
Ethylene oxide
What do semi-critical items come in contact with? (2 points)
Mucous
Non-intact skin
Give 2 examples of Non-intact skin
Endoscope
Thermometer
What are semi-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?
HLD
What do non-critical items come in contact with?
Skin
What are non-critical items often disinfected/decontaminated by?
ILD
LLD
Give 3 examples of non-critical items
Blood pressure cuffs
Stethoscope
Bedpans
What are the 4 physical agents
Heat application
Low temperature
Drying
Ultraviolet irradiation
What 2 factors have to be considered in heat application?
Time
Temperature
When should time and temperature be considered in heat application?
Whenever heat is used to control microbial growth
What are the 2 heat applications?
Boiling
Sterilization
For how long does the boiling takes?
30 minutes
What does the boiling kill?
Everything
What is not killed by boiling?
Spores
What are the 2 sterilization methods used in heat application?
Autoclave
Hot air over
What does the sterilization kill?
All micro-organisms
What are also killed by sterilization in accompany with all microorganisms?
Spores
Where is sterilization commonly employed in?
Sterile packaging procedures
What is used to lower the temperature?
Refrigerator
Freezer
What is the condition in which most microorganisms cannot grow in?
Reduced water activity
What are the 4 drying methods
Heat Evaporation Freeze-drying Addition of : Salt Sugar
What is used in Ultraviolet irradiations?
UV light
Describe Ultraviolet irradiations rays
3 points
Non-ionizing
Have:
Low energy
Low penetrability
What are Ultraviolet irradiations affected by?
Dust
What is this dust used for?
Reducing bacterial air count
Where is bacterial air count reduced in?
3 points
Operation rooms
Laboratory laminar flow
Hospital rooms
When is dust used to reduce bacterial air count in hospital rooms?
After discharging the case
What does this case have?
Open tuberculosis
