Viral Assembly, Release, and Transmission

Question 1

how does the influenza virus release from an infected cell

Answer 1

neuraminidase cleaves the virus from the cell’s receptor, releasing a daughter cell and allowing viral replication to proceed

Question 2

what drug impacts influenza’s release from an infected cell

Answer 2

NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR (oseltamavir)
*prevents virus from releasing from infected cell, causing virus replication to come to a stop

Question 3

direct transmission of viruses

Answer 3

-respiratory droplets
-direct physical contact (sexual contact, blood-borne)
-fecal-oral transmission
-vertical transmission

Question 4

indirect transmission of viruses

Answer 4

-transmission from a source through objects (fomites) or insects (vectors)

Question 5

viral pathogenesis is the sum of effects on the host due to ?

Answer 5

1) viral determinants
2) host response

Question 6

viral determinants that impact viral pathogenesis

Answer 6

-initial inoculum
-site of infection
-tropism
-capacity to invade secondary tissue
-cytopathicity

Question 7

host responses that impact viral pathogenesis

Answer 7

-CD8+ T cell damage
-CD4+ T cell inflammatory response (Th1)
-antibody-mediated damage
-reactive oxygen

Question 8

what are the 6 ways that viruses can cause disease

Answer 8

1. viral replication in target organ
2. changes to bystander cells
3. changes to non-infected immune cells
4. antibody-mediated immune pathology
5. antibody dependent enhancement
6. chronic inflammation

Question 9

2 main mechanisms for viral detection (testing)

Answer 9

1. molecular methods for viral nucleic acid (PCR)
2. serologic methods for antibodies or antigens (ELISA)