Autoimmunity (Beaty)

Question 1

hypersensitivity

Answer 1

persistent, misdirected, or inadequately regulated immune reaction against variety of antigens, causing tissue injury

Question 2

4 general principles of hypersensitivity

Answer 2

1. susceptibility (inheritance of particular genes)
2. triggers (exogenous and endogenous antigens)
3. imbalance (between normal response and limiting control mechanisms)
4. injury (result of inflammatory or poorly controlled immune mechanisms)

Question 3

mast cells are inflammatory cells of what type of tissue

Answer 3

connective tissue

Question 4

which autoimmune disease is a classic type III HSR

Answer 4

lupus (SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus)

Question 5

what autoimmune disorder is a classic type IV HSR

Answer 5

type I diabetes

Question 6

autoimmune diseases

Answer 6

immune-mediated damage to SELF tissues
*inability to distinguish self from non-self (loss of self-tolerance)

Question 7

normal processes that allow for self-tolerance

Answer 7

1. suppression by Tregs
2. inhibition of activation
3. death of self-reactive lymphocytes

Question 8

requirements for diagnosis of autoimmune disease

Answer 8

1. presence of an immune reaction specific for a SELF antigen
2. evidence that immune reaction is PRIMARY pathogenic significance
3. absence of other well-defined cause of the disease

Question 9

pathogenesis of autoimmunity

Answer 9

*susceptibility genes (interfere with self-tolerance)
*triggers (host antigens recognized as non-self or foreign)
*lymphocytes enter tissue
*activation of self-reactive lymphocytes, leading to tissue damage

Question 10

common clinical feature of autoimmunity

Answer 10

progressive with relapse and remissions

Question 11

lab results of hyperthroidism

Answer 11

*elevated T3 and T4
*reduced TSH

Question 12

what causes thyromegaly in HYPERthyroidism

Answer 12

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid cells because of antibodies to TSH receptors

Question 13

lab results for hypothyroidism

Answer 13

*reduced T3 and T4
*elevated TSH

Question 14

what causes thyromegaly in HYPOthyroidism

Answer 14

infiltration of lymphoid cells causing enlargement of the thyroid (chronic inflammation - type IV hypersensitivity)

Question 15

what is the HLA gene associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 15

HLA-DR5

Question 15

systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 15

systemic autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies produced against numerous self-antigens and the formation of immune complexes

Question 16

systemic lupus erythematosus - clinical features

Answer 16

*erythema involving facial butterfly areas, extremities, and trunk
*urticaria, bullae, maculopapular lesion
*exposure to sunlight incites or accentuates the erythema
*fever
*pleuritic chest pain
*joint pain
*enlarged lymph nodes

Question 17

systemic lupus erythematosus - HSR type

Answer 17

type III HSR (deposition of immune complexes)

Question 18

Sjogren syndrome

Answer 18

autoimmune disease that causes destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands

Question 19

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 19

autoimmune disease that affects the JOINTS

Question 20

systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

Answer 20

autoimmune disease that causes widespread damage to small blood vessels and progressive collagenous fibrosis