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MAD Exam 3 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

goals of vaccination

A
  1. to generate pathogen-specific memory T and B lymphocytes
  2. to enhance mucosal immunity
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2
Q

the vaccinated individual possesses the ability to ?

A

mount a rapid secondary immune response that results in the accelerated elimination of the pathogen and protection from clinical disease

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3
Q

results of vaccination

A
  1. increased numbers of antigen-specific T and B lymphocytes
  2. immune cells more sensitive to activation by antigen
  3. higher affinity neutralizing antibodies, isotype switching, and mucosal production of antibody
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4
Q

requirements for effective vaccines

A
  1. safe with few side effects
  2. protective
  3. sustained protection (several years)
  4. induces NEUTRALIZING antibody of the appropriate isotype
  5. induces protective cytotoxic T cells (if required)
  6. low cost, stable, ease of administration
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5
Q

live vaccines (attenuated or heterologous) - description

A

live pathogen with lesser virulence

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6
Q

live, heterologous vaccines

A

*closely related but of lesser virulence
*presence of cross-reactive antigen
ex = smallpox

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7
Q

live, attenuated vaccines

A

selected to be less virulent
ex = yellow fever

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8
Q

methods of attenuation for vaccines

A
  1. passage of virus in non-human host cells
  2. mutation or deletion of viral or bacterial virulence gene resulting in infectious but avirulent strain
  3. use of infectious agent that does not produce clinical disease in humans
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9
Q

advantages of live vaccines

A

*strong humoral AND cellular response
*long-lived immunity (single dose required)
*potential for development of herd immunity

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10
Q

herd immunity

A

diminished risk of spread of pathogen to individuals that have not been vaccinated (usually > 80% vaccination in the general population)

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11
Q

disadvantages of live vaccines

A

*danger of reversion to virulence (contraindicated in immunocompromised and pregnant patients)
*transfer to less responsive individuals
*may not be stable under all storage conditions
*may be expensive to distribute

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12
Q

examples of live vaccines

A

smallpox
MMR
Sabin (polio)
intranasal influenza

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13
Q

killed (inactivated) vaccines - description

A

inactivated pathogen that retains antigen structure

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14
Q

examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines

A

injected influenza
salk (polio)

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15
Q

advantages of killed vaccines

A

safe (no possibility of reversion to virulent form)
stable

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16
Q

disadvantages of killed vaccines

A

generally humoral response ONLY
may be short-lived (booster shot required)

17
Q

subunit (acellular) vaccines - description

A

antigen only (e.g. surface protein or polysaccaride)
*can be toxoid or conjugate

18
Q

toxoid subunit vaccines

A

denatured toxin with intact receptor binding site
(ex = tetanus and diptheria)

19
Q

conjugate subunit vaccine

A

bacterial polysaccharide chemically coupled to protein
(ex = haemophilus influenza)

20
Q

advantages of subunit (acellular) vaccines

A

safe (not virulent)
stable
lower chance of adverse reactions

21
Q

disadvantages of subunit (acellular) vaccines

A

generally humoral response ONLY (weaker)
may be short-lived (booster shots required)
expensive to prepare
generally require ADJUVANT for maximal response

22
Q

problem with CONJUGATE acellular polysaccharide vaccines

A

*problem = children < 2 yo do not respond well due to limited T-cell independent B cell function
*solution = conjugate vaccines to those that use a protein carrier to elicit antigen-specific T cells

23
Q

examples of CONJUGATE acellular polysaccharide vaccines

A

*Haemophilus influenza
*Streptococcus pneumonia
*Neisseria meningitidis

24
Q

linked recognition by T and B cells in conjugate vaccines

A

1) bacterial polysaccharide covalently linked to a toxoid protein
2) antigen-specific B cell reacts with polysaccharide and presents the toxoid protein on HLA class II
3) toxoid-specific T cells recognize the toxoid

25
Q

nucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines

A

examples = COVID-19 vaccines (pfizer and moderna)

26
Q

methods for targeting vaccines

A

1) what type of immune response is required?
2) what route of administration should be used?

27
Q

adjuvants - primary role

A

enhance immune responses by promoting maturation and activation of dendritic cells

28
Q

types of adjuvants used

A

*aluminum salts
*liposome-type adjuvants
*flagellin/F1/V (for yersinia pestis)
*cytokines and TLR agonists

MAD Exam 3 (28 decks)

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