VetCloud SmartQuiz Flashcards
Which layer of the digestive tract is considered to be the “strength layer” for surgery
Submucosa
The stomach rotates during development. At the level of the stomach, the ventral primitive Mesentery will become the:
Lesser omentum
The dental formula of pigs is similar to dogs; however, pigs have an extra
Upper molar
At the pylorus, there is a change in the mucosa. What disappears as you move into the duodenum?
Gastric pits
What aspect of colon physiology is common to many species, regardless of species-specific differences in the anatomical structure of the colon
Retropulsion / anti peristalsis
Where are the circumanal glands located
Cutaneous zone
Colonic “pacemakers” are in involved in ___ but not ___
Segmentation; peristalsis
Movement in the frontal and transverse planes of the mandible in ruminants is freer than in carnivores. This lateral movement is due to ruminants having strong (2)
-masseter muscle
-pterygoid muscle
The ___ muscle contributes the MOST to the large crushing force of carnivore jaws
Temporalis
The round ligament borders the _____ attachment of the liver
Faliciform ligament
What is NOT a stimulus for gastric acid secretion
Norepinephrine secretion arising from stimulation of sympathetic nerves
Which quadrant of the abdomen do majority of the small intestines reside
Left dorsal quadrant
The epithelium of glandular mucosa is
Simple columnar epithelium
Enamel extends into the root of which type of teeth
Hypsodont
When the jaws come together, the lower canines sit ____ to the upper canines
Rostral
What muscle of the rectum SUPPORTS the anus
Retractor penis
The __ of the large intestines is blind-ending
Caecum
The myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system co-ordinates
Peristalsis
Swelling of the ___ gland can cause proptosis of the eyeball
Zygomatic
The root of the mesenteries is the site of origin for the ______ artery
Cranial mesenteric
The wall of the abdominal cavity is lined by
Parietal peritoneum
What supplies blood to the ileum
Cranial mesenteric artery
The caudate ligament is NOT an important attachment of the liver in which species?
Pigs
There are ___ Taenia in the caecum of the horse
4
Which layer of the tunica mucosa gives rise to glands
Epithelium
The ____ muscle is involved in curling the tongue
Genioglossus
The early intestinal tube is divided into cranial and caudal loops, based on attached of the yolk sac. The cranial loop does NOT form the
Caecum
Sensory visceral afferent nerve endings and cell bodies are NOT found in
Serosa
___ are absent in the large intestine
Villi
What two structures help contribute to generating negative pressure in the ruminant mouth
-lingual torus
-lenticular papilla
The periportal zone has the _____ blood supply, resulting in the area having __________; this is predominately where _____ occurs
Best; the best nutrition and oxygenation; oxidative metabolism
What hormone is involved in the extrinsic endocrine control of the GIT
Aldosterone
The primary function of the gall bladder is
Storage and concentration of bile
During sodium absorption by glucose co-transport, chloride is
Absorbed by the paracellular route
Glucose passes through the ____ membrane via _____
Basolateral; facilitated diffusion
The pig has a much larger ____ salivary gland than the dog, which covers the more medial ____ gland
Parotid; mandibular
The length of the ileum is identified by the presence of an artery on the ____ surface
Antimesenteric
What best describes the motility of the proximal region of the monogastric stomach
Adaptive relaxation
In the GIT, an increase in parasympathetic stimulation will cause
An increase in motility and secretions
Needle teeth in pigs are (2)
-i3
-c
What structure do both the deep and superficial layers of the greater omentum attach to, creating the supraomental recess which acts as a sling for the intestines
Ventral descending duodenum
The fatty protrusion in the lesser curvature of the pylorus that narrows the pyloric opening in pigs and ruminants is called the
Torus pyloricus
Parasympathetic input ____ the smooth muscle membrane, ____ the chance of a slow wave crest reaching the threshold for an action potential
Depolarizes; increases
If the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is inhibited, gastric pH will likely
Increase
What part of the equine colon connects to the transverse colon
Right dorsal colon
As you move aborally (away from the mouth through the duodenum, what structure disappears
Pyloric glands
The dorsomedial pouch occurring off the fundus in the stomach of pigs is called
Diverticulum ventriculi
Which part of the pancreas is in the mesoduodenum of the descending duodenum
Right lobe
The greater pancreatic duct arises from the ____ primordium, while the lesser (accessory) duct arises from the _____ primordium
Ventral; dorsal
What hormone stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, and is released when proteins and fats are present in the small intestine
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
___ papillae are involved in transduction of taste
Vallate
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
The lamina propria is a layer of
Loose connective tissue
Lacteals play a role in the transport of
Absorbed fat
What organ lies in the retroperitoneal space
Kidneys
What hormone stimulates the parietal cells in the stomach to release hydrochloric acid
Gastrin
The innermost layer of the digestive tract is the
tunica mucosa
What region of the stomach surrounds the entrance of the oesophagus
Cardia
On the visceral surface of the liver, which lobe is divided from the right lobe by a line running from the caudal vena cava to the gall bladder, and sits between the gall bladder and the left medial lobe
Quadrate lobe
In which species does the bile duct join the pancreatic duct to form the common bile duct
Sheep
In general, the term cephalic phase refers to
Digestive events occurring BEFORE the ingestion of food, and in response to the CNS stimulation that is brought on by the anticipation of eating
Bile secretion is initiated by the presence of food in the ____ and stimulated by the return of ____ to the liver
Duodenum; bile acids
What part of the equine colon attaches to the caecum
Right ventral colon
Which primordial germ layer has splanchnic and somatic layers
Mesoderm
What is a non-enzymatic chemical digestion secretion
Hydrochloric acid
The vertical median groove in the upper lip is known as the
Philtrum
Which compartment of the complex stomach has three layers of smooth muscle within laminae
Omasum
Before entering the intestinal capillaries, all nutrients pass through the
Lateral space
The superficial layer of the greater omentum arises from the ____ groove of the rumen
Left longitudinal groove
The stomach exits into the duodenum at the
Pylorus
Main blood supply to the stomach is from the
Left gastric artery
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is produced by the ___ cells in the duodenal mucosa
Enteroendocrine cells
What cell is found in the small intestines of the ruminant but NOT in the carnivore
Paneth cells
___ tonsils are NOT Present in the carnivore
Tubal
What is NOT a natural ligand for pancreatic receptors
Gastrin
Organs supplied by the coeliac artery are derived from the
Foregut
Internal pudendal arteries supply the ____ and are a branch of the ____
-distal rectum and anus
-internal iliac artery
True or False: the spiral loop of the ascending colon in cows is sacculated
False
The outermost layer of the digestive tract is the
Tunica serosa
What layer is not present in the gall bladder
Muscularis mucosae
The _____ muscle moves the hyoid and base of tongue rostrally and dorsally during deglutition
Geniohyoid
What is characteristic of the interdigestive phase of small intestine motility
Migrating motility complexes consisting of peristaltic contractions passing over entire length of small intestine
The ventral border of the stomach grows ___ than the dorsal border, producing the ___ curvature of the stomach
Slower; lesser
Which phase of pancreatic secretion is secretin released
Intestinal phase
____ in the epithelium of the tunica mucosa secretes mucin
Goblet cells
In the horse, the raised border/ridge between the glandular and non-glandular regions of the stomach is called
Margo plicatus
What cell type is found in the epithelium of the GIT and is part of the intrinsic endocrine system
Enterochromaffin cells
Pepsinogen and prorenin are secreted by
Chief cells
The ___ layer of the tunica muscularis develops first
Circular
Peyer’s patches are aggregated lymph nodules found in the anti-mesenteric walls of the
Ileum
Liver lobes of ruminant (4)
-single left
-single right
-quadrate
-caudate with small papillary processes
Large, non-follicular tonsils that lie in the tonsillar fossa just caudal to the Palatoglossal arches in carnivores is called the
Palatine tonsils
What glands are also known as the proper gastric glands
Fundic glands
Beta cells secrete
Insulin
The ___ muscle opens the jaw when it contracts
Digastric
Which artery supplies the descending colon
Caudal mesenteric artery
The presence of fat in the proximal ____ stimulates ____ in the mucosa to produce ____, which signals the gall bladder to contract
Duodenum; enteroendocrine cells; cholystokinin (CCK)
The descending colon and ascending duodenum are connected by the
Duodenocolic fold
The superficial and deep layers of the omentum form a sac called the
Omental bursa
When the stomach is distended, the jejunum is displaced
Right and dorsally
Liver lobes in the horse (4)
-left medial and lateral lobes
-single right lobe
-fluted quadrate lobe
-caudate lobe with NO papillary processes
When does full secretory activity of the stomach occur
After birth
The ___ gland lies in the retromandibular fossa and comes up to the base of the external ear dorsally
Parotid
Brunner’s glands in the horse extend through
The entire length of the duodenum
Which sac of the rumen sits in the omental bursa
Ventral sac
Which surface of the stomach faces the intestines and the spleen
Visceral
The lamina propria of the oesophagus lacks
Glands
In the oesophagus, smooth muscle is under the direct control of ____ and striated muscle is innervated by ____
Enteric nervous system (myenteric plexus); somatic motor neurons
The ____ equine colon has a single Taenia
Left dorsal
During sodium absorption by glucose co-transport, chloride is absorbed
By the paracellular route
The deep layer of the grater omentum arises from the ____ groove
Right longitudinal
Delta cells secrete
Somatostatin
Anal glands are found in the (2) zones
-columnar
-intermediate
