Metabolism

Question 1

Advantages to glycogen (4)

Answer 1

-rapid metabolism
-water solubility (quick energy release)
-short-term energy supply (good for high-intensity activities)
-maintains blood glucose levels

Question 2

Advantages for triglycerides (3)

Answer 2

-high energy density = long-term energy storage
-large storage capacity (good during times of fasting)
-sustained energy release (prolonged, steady source of energy)

Question 3

Disadvantages to glycogen (3)

Answer 3

-limited storage capacity (not sufficient for prolonged activity)
-water weight
-easily depleted during fasting / prolonged exercise

Question 4

Disadvantages to Triglycerides (3)

Answer 4

-slower mobilization (less suitable for immediate energy needs)
-water-insoluble (takes longer to break down)
-requires oxygen for metabolism (less efficient during high-intensity actives where oxygen is limited)

Question 5

Phosphorylation (2)

Answer 5

-short-term control in metabolic pathways
-quickly activates/inhibits enzymes by adding a phosphate group

Question 6

Gene expression (3)

Answer 6

-alters enzyme production levels
-slower than phosphorylation
-sustained, long-term changes

Question 7

Similarities with obtaining glucose in cattle and dogs (2)

Answer 7

-both require glucose for maintenance of cells
-both are capable of creating glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 8

Cattle rely on ____ to produce glucose more than dogs do

Answer 8

Gluconeogenesis

Question 9

Cattle have a diet of ___, while dogs have a diet of ___

Answer 9

Cellulose (herbivores); high-variety of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Question 10

Dogs can obtain glucose by (3)

Answer 10

-breakdown of carbohydrates
-breakdown of muscle and liver glycogen
-gluconeogenesis

Question 11

4 mechanisms of metabolic pathway regulation

Answer 11

1. <1 second
2. Seconds/minutes
3. Minutes to hours
4. Day to weeks

Question 12

<1 second metabolic pathway regulation (2)

Answer 12

-controlled by allosteric activiation/inhibition
-competitive inhibition

Question 13

Seconds/minutes metabolic pathway regulation (2)

Answer 13

-activation of preformed precursor proteins
-activation/inhibition by reversible covalent modification

Question 14

Minutes to hours metabolic pathway regulation

Answer 14

Synthesis of new protein in response to signals (ie. hormones)

Question 15

Days to weeks metabolic pathway regulation (2)

Answer 15

-major changes in overall protein profile of tissue in response to dietary changes, exercise, etc.
-breakdown is slow but effect is huge

Question 16

Glucagon promotes

Answer 16

Gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 17

Glucagon slows down ___ of the ___ by inhibiting ____

Answer 17

Glycolysis; liver; enzymes involved in irreversible reactions