Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VETS1003: Digestion > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients are

A

Essential components of diets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Food is

A

An edible material that provides nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Foodstuff is

A

Any material made into food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diet is

A

A mixture of foodstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ration is a

A

Daily allocation of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nutrition is the

A

Process of providing and obtaining the food necessary for the health and growth of an animal. It is a quantitative science.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nutrients are utilized by the body in this linear fashion (3)

A
  1. Digestion and absorption
  2. Blood transportation
  3. Metabolism in the cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The science of nutrition is an integration of

A

Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Two main components of food are

A

-dry matter
-water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dry matter can be subdivided into

A

-organic
-inorganic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inorganic dry matter includes

A

Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Organic dry matter includes (6)

A

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-organic acids
-vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the major determinant of animal health, welfare, and production

A

Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In companion animals, poor nutrition can contribute to (5)

A

-digestive disorders
-obesity
-orthopaedic disease
-cardiorespiratory disease
-predisposition to infectious and parasitic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Feed accounts for ___ % of production animal costs

A

50-70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three negative impacts of production animals on the environment

A

-over-grazing
-enteric greenhouse gas emissions
-polluting effects of manus and urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Feeding tannin-containing feeds in production animals can

A

Reduce methane-producing rumen Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Optimizing calcium:phosphorylation ratios of laying birds can help to

A

Reduce phosphorus excretion and pollution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two types of carnivores

A

-obligate carnivores
-mesocarnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carnivores have (4)

A

-relatively large brains
-less complex digestive system
-strong facial musculature
-specialized dentition for shearing meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Obligate carnivores (3)

A

-diet of at least 70% meat
-cannot properly digest vegetation
-examples: cats, ferrets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mesocarnivores (3)

A

-diet of at least 50% meat
-can supplement diet with fruits/vegetables/fungi
-examples: dogs, foxes, raccoons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

empirical formula of carbohydrates is

A

(CH2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Omnivores (4)

A

-can eat and survive on both plant and animal matter
-diet of less than 30% meat
-mixture of sharp teeth and flat molars
-examples: chickens, pigs, humans, brown bears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anatomically, herbivores can be divided into

A

-foregut fermenters (ruminants, camelids)
-hindgut fermenters (horses, pigs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nutritionally, herbivores can be classified as

A

-concentrate selectors (deer, giraffes)
-intermediate feeders (goats, alpacas)
-grazers (sheep, cattle, horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Herbivores (3)

A

-only eat feeds that require photosynthesis to live
-specialized dentition for grinding fibre
-large digestive tract for absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Intermediate herbivore feeders

A

Change their diet according to availability (goats, alapacas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Grazers

A

Mostly eat leaves or grasses (sheep, cattle, horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Concentrate selector herbivores (3)

A

-cannot tolerate large amounts of fibres
-feed on smaller amounts, more frequently
-deer, giraffes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Nutritional wisdom means

A

Grazing animals choose diets that maximize availability of energy and provide them with positive experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Grazing animal behaviours of Sheep (3)

A

-narrow muzzles, sensitive lips
-can obtain 80% of nutrition from plants
-better suited to pasture with less roughage and more variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Grazing animal behaviours of Cattle (4)

A

-wide muzzles
-poorly selective of what they eat
-large amounts of high-fibre feeds
-suited to mature pastures with little variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Domestic dog/cat diets (3)

A

-commercial pet foods
-home made foods
-treats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Domestic horse diets (3)

A

-forage (pasture/hay)
-cereals or concentrates (starch and energy-rich grains)
-treats (fruits/vegetables)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Production sheep/cattle diets (4)

A

-pasture
-energy supplements (grains or fodder ie. hay/silage)
-protein and non-protein nitrogen (urea) supplements
-mineral supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Water is obtained from three sources

A

-drinking water
-water present in food
-metabolic water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The non-water nutrition that animals consume is called

A

Dry matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

3 vital functions of water

A

-solvent for nutrient transportation and waste excretion
-facilitates enzyme-driven hydrolysis
-regulation of body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

organic dry matter is composed of

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Inorganic dry matter is composed of

A

Predominately calcium and phosphorus in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Simplest form of carbohydrates are

A

Monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sugar is generally used to describe

A

Carbohydrates containing fewer than ten monosaccharides rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Monosaccharides form a

A

Carbon ring with 1-7 carbon groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Three groups of carbohydrates

A

-sugars
-fibres
-starches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Sugars can be ___ for energy

A

Directly absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Fibres require ____ to access energy

A

Microbe fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Starches (2)

A

-long-chain glucose polymers
-broken down into shorter chains before being utilized for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Fats are vital to carry

A

Lipid-soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The major form of energy storage in animals are

A

Lipids (mainly as fat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Two main types of lipids found in plants

A

-structural lipids (found on plant surface)
-storage lipids (found in fruit and seeds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Two essential dietary fats in mammals are

A

-linoleic acid
-alpha-linolenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What acid can be slowly synthesized from linoleic acid

A

Arachidonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Deficiency of linoleic and alpha-linolenic fatty acids can cause (8)

A

-poor growth
-increased water permeability / consumption
-increased susceptibility to bacterial infection
-capillary fragility
-kidney damage
-decreased myocardial contractility
-decreased ATP synthesis
-potential death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Proteins (4)

A

-complex organic compounds of high molecular weight
-consists of long chains of amino acids
-contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur
-found in all living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Amino acids (4)

A

-produced when proteins are hydrolysed
-have a basic nitrogenous group (NH2) and an acidic carboxyl unit (COOH)
-over 200 amino acids
-20 amino acids commonly found as components of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Proteins and amino acids are in a

A

Constant state of exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Transanimation is the

A

Process where certain amino acids can be produced from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

There are ___ essential amino acids

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Essential amino acids have

A

Carbon skeletons that cannot be transanimated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Essential amino acid of poultry chicks

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Essential amino acid of cats

A

Taurine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

True or False: Ruminants cannot synthesize all essential amino acids

A

False. Ruminants utilize the rumen microbe synthesis to supply ALL essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Vitamins (4)

A

-organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-comprised of a single chemical unit
-required by body in small amounts
-at least 14 vitamins are essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Water soluble vitamins (6)

A

-absorbed with water
-enter directly into bloodstream
-absorbed in duodenum and jejunum
-excess excreted in urine
-NOT stored within the body
-risk of toxicity is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

5 types of water soluble vitamins

A

-B1
-B2
-B6
-B12
-C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Vitamin B1 (4)

A

-Thiamine
-major function in cellular respiration (Krebs cycle)
-deficiency can occur through low intake or ingestion of thiaminase
-toxicosis is very rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Defieicneyc of vitamin B1 (Thiamine) can result in (4)

A

-reduced weight gain
-in coordination
-hypothermia of extremities
-cerebral cortex necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Vitamin B2 (3)

A

-Riboflavin and Nicotinamide
-major function in cellular respiration as a hydrogen transporter
-toxicosis has not been observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Deficiency of vitamin B2 (Riboflavin and Nicotinamide) can lead to (3)

A

-poor growth
-disrupted oestrous activity
-“curled toe paralysis” in chicks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Vitamin B6 Group (3)

A

-Pyridoxine, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, Folic Acid, and Choline
-major function in digestion (absorption of amino acids) and gene expression (cell response to steroid hormones)
-toxicosis can result in peripheral neuropathy (photosensitivity, nausea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Deficiency of the vitamin B6 group can lead to (4)

A

-nerve degeneration (grinding teeth, thrashing legs, seizures)
-haemorrhage in the epicardium (anaemia)
-impaired immune function
-dermatitis and alopecia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

A deficiency in vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) in grazing animals is mostly related to

A

Copper deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Vitamin B12 (4)

A

-Cobalamin
-major function in providing cellular energy during cellular respiration
-assists in methionine and folic acid metabolism
-toxicosis has not been observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Deficiency in vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) can lead to (4)

A

-weight loss
-poor growth
-muscle weakness
-diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Vitamin C (3)

A

-Ascorbic Acid
-major function as an antioxidant and involved in a wide range of metabolic functions
-deficiency is rare in most species as they can synthesis Vitamin C from glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Scurvy is a deficiency in ___ and causes (4)

A

-vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
-swollen gums
-muscular weakness
-diarrhea
-poor hair coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Toxicosis of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) can result in (3)

A

-reduced litter size
-reduced vitamin B12
-excessive absorption of iron—> anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

5 types of fat soluble vitamins

A

-A
-D2
-D3
-E
-K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Fat soluble vitamins (3)

A

-absorbed in duodenum
-stored in various places of the body
-risk of toxicity is higher BUT effect is less serious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Vitamin A is mainly stored in the

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Vitamins K and E are partially stored in the

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Vitamin D is mainly stored in

A

Fat and muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Vitamin A (2)

A

-Retinol
-major function in low-light vision (precursor for rhodopsin), gene expression, and epithelial tissue formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) deficiency can lead to (5)

A

-night blindness
-poor growth
-reduced fertility
-hyperkeratinisation of the skin
-increased susceptibility to infection (especially respiratory disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Vitamin A (retinol) toxicosis can lead to (3)

A

-teratogenicity (foetal abnormalities)
-loss of skin
-fragile, overgrown bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Vitamin D (2)

A

-Calciferol
-important for calcium regulation, cell differentiation, and immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to (2)

A

-bone disorders (rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis)
-teratogenicity (foetal abnormalities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Toxicosis of vitamin D can lead to (2)

A

-hypercalcaemia and calcification of soft tissues
-brittle bones due to excessive resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Vitamin E (2)

A

-Tocopherol
-antioxidant and immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Vitamin E deficiency can result in (2)

A

-muscle degeneration
-anaemia, especially in newborns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Toxicosis of Vitamin E can cause

A

Coagulopathy (bleeding)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Vitamin K (3)

A

-Phylloquinone, Menaquinone, and Menadione
-major role in coagulation, energy metabolism, and spermatogenesis
-toxicosis is rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Vitamin K deficiency (2)

A

-very common (ingestion of anti-coagulant rat baits)
-bleeding disorders, anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Ingestion of anti-coagulant rat baits can lead to

A

Vitamin K deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

5 roles of minerals

A

-structure (skeleton and teeth)
-acid-base balance
-digestion (maintains acidity of digestive fluids)
-osmotic pressure
-movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Minerals (3)

A

-inorganic elements
-found in animal tissues
-essential mineral elements have a metabolic role

98
Q

2 major essential mineral elements are

A

-calcium
-phosphorus

99
Q

3 trace essential mineral elements

A

-copper
-selenium
-iodine

100
Q

Minerals and vitamins work

A

Synergistically to perform similar biochemical functions

101
Q

2 ways minerals have negative impacts on each other

A

-competing for binding sites
-bonding together to form unabsorbable complexes

102
Q

Calcium (4)

A

-rarely deficient in Queensland pastures
-very low concentration in cereal grains
-can be present in high quantities in some feeds
-major role in structure, muscle function, and blood coagulation

103
Q

Calcium toxicosis

A

Rare unless administered IV (can result in nausea, neurological symptoms, cardiac changes, and death)

104
Q

Calcium deficiency can lead to (3)

A

-bone disease
-milk fever
-big head in horses

105
Q

Phosphorus (4)

A

-often deficient in Queensland pastures, especially during dry weather
-moderate concentration in cereal grains
-major function in structure and energy metabolism
-toxicosis is rare

106
Q

Phosphorus deficiency can cause (3)

A

-bone disease
-reproductive abnormalities
-cattle may be seen eating bone material

107
Q

Copper (4)

A

-deficiency in some Queensland pastures
-high concentrations in protein meals
-very narrow safety margin
-major role in iron absorption, haemoglobin formation, antioxidant, and pigmentation of wool/hair/feathers

108
Q

Copper deficiency can lead to (3)

A

-anaemia
-discoloured and poor quality hair coat
-developmental disease causing neurological disease (swayback)

109
Q

Copper toxicosis (3)

A

-RBC haemolysis
-kidney disease
-death

110
Q

Selenium (3)

A

-deficient in some Queensland pastures (esp. Lockyer valley)
-very low concentrations in cereal grains
-major role in metabolism, antioxidant, heavy metal chelation (works with Vitamin E to protect against heavy metals)

111
Q

Selenium toxicosis (5)

A

-common
-considered more toxic than arsenic
-hair/hoof disease
-weight loss
-sudden death

112
Q

Selenium deficiency (3)

A

-liver and pancreatic disease
-reduced fertility
-muscular dystrophy (white muscle disease)

113
Q

Iodine (2)

A

-major role in synthesis of thyroid hormones
-toxicosis is rare (results in vomiting/diarrhea)

114
Q

Iodine deficiency can cause (2)

A

-goitre (hypertrophy of thyroid gland)
-reproductive abnormalities (reduced fertility, birth of weak/dead young)

115
Q

digestibility is the

A

proportion of feed that is NOT excreted in the faeces (ie. is assumed to be absorbed by the animal)

116
Q

digestibility calculation formula

A

(weight of feed consumed - weight excreted) / weight of feed consumed

117
Q

digestibility trials are usually comprised of (3)

A

-more than one animal
-male animals
-three trial periods lasting 7-10 days each

118
Q

three trial periods of digestibility trials

A
  1. adaption period (gradually introduce new food)
  2. maintenaince period (fed ONLY experiment diet)
  3. collection period (intake/output actively measured)
119
Q

a substance known to be completely indigestible in a trial diet is called a

A

known concentration

120
Q

processing is commonly used to

A

increase digestibility

121
Q

grains are typically ___ for cattle and ___ for pigs

A

crushed; ground

122
Q

chaffing prevents the animal from

A

selecting more digestible components (ie. it forces the animal to eat everything)

123
Q

griding forages (2)

A

-increases rumen transit time
-reduces digestibility

124
Q

heat treatment is often applied to (2)

A

-starchy foods
-grains

125
Q

an example of an enzyme supplement in poultry is

A

beta-glucanase

126
Q

more food consumed causes an ___ in rate of passage of ingesta, ___ exposure to digestive enzymes and time of absorption

A

increase; reducing

127
Q

gross energy (GE) is the

A

amount of heat that is produced by complete oxidation of a unit of weight of food

128
Q

a bomb calorimeter is used to measure

A

the amount of chemical energy in a food

129
Q

digestible energy (DE) calculation formula

A

(gross energy of feed consumed - gross energy excreted) / gross energy of feed consumed

130
Q

digestible energy is often used as a primary measure for (2)

A

pigs and horses

131
Q

metabolizable energy (ME) is the

A

amount of digestible energy that is utilized by the animal MINUS energy lost in combustible gases and urine

132
Q

2-5% of gross energy intake is lost in

A

urine

133
Q

gases produced in the rumen and hind gut consist almost entirely of

A

methane (CH4)

134
Q

net energy (NE) is the

A

amount of energy retained by the animal after losses in faces/urine/methane and heat production

135
Q

crude protein is an

A

estimation of the protein content of food based on the nitrogen content

136
Q

conversion factor of crude protein is usually

A

6.25

137
Q

3 types of forage feeds

A

-silage
-hay
-grass/legumes

138
Q

legumes grow in a

A

symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

139
Q

legumes have a (2) compared to grasses

A

-greater protein and mineral content
-greater drought hardiness

140
Q

straws consist of the

A

stems and leaves of cereal crops after the removal of ripe seeds via threshing (barley, oat, wheat)

141
Q

straws have a low ____ and are very ___

A

nutritive value; fibrous

142
Q

silage is material produced by

A

the controlled fermentation of a crop with high moisture content

143
Q

haylage refers to

A

material made in the same fashion as silage, but from a crop with low moisture content and high dry matter content

144
Q
A
145
Q

silage protein is more readily available in the form of (2)

A

-ammonia nitrogen
-free amino acid nitrogen

146
Q

cereal (4)

A

-family Gramineae
-cultivated for their seeds
-carbohydrate concentrates, predominately starch
-includes barley, maize, oats, and wheat

147
Q

cereals improve (3) and prevent (1)

A

improve:
-carbohydrate digestibility
-palatability
-protein digestibility
prevent:
-spoilage

148
Q

when grain is exposed to hot steam for 3-5 min before rolling to soften it is called

A

steam rolling

149
Q

when grain is exposed to hot steam for 15-30 min before rolling, producing a flat “flake” it is called

A

steam flaking

150
Q

when grain is finely ground, then heated and forced through a barrel to form a long ribbon it is called

A

extruding

151
Q

when grain is ground (and often steamed) then shaped into pellets it is called

A

pelleting

152
Q

popping is when

A

corn is exposed to heat

153
Q

micronizing is when

A

cereal is heat treated with infrared heat rather than dry heat

154
Q

passing grain through a flame is called

A

roasting

155
Q

the main source of protein in ruminants is

A

protein produced by rumen microbes from non-protein nitrogen sources (ie. urea and ammonia)

156
Q

pigs have __ teeth

A

44

157
Q

carcass growth of pigs depends on

A

intake x nutrient density

158
Q

growing pigs and lactating sows are usually given

A

free access to nutrition

159
Q

non-lactating gilts/sows are usually

A

ration-fed

160
Q

a “growth check” is when

A

newly weaned piglets experience a decrease in feed intake

161
Q

main vitamins for pigs (4)

A

vitamin A, D, E, K

162
Q

the rumen is the

A

major fermenting chamber

163
Q

the reticulum

A

collects small pieces of digesta and trasnfers it to omasum

164
Q

the omasum is where

A

fluid and electrolyte absorption takes place

165
Q

the true gastric stomach of ruminants is the

A

abomasum

166
Q

most common rearing system in australia for ruminants is

A

pasture feeding

167
Q

when checking ruminant faeces, it is important to note (3)

A

-color
-consistency
-content

168
Q

horses have ____ teeth

A

36-44

169
Q

henneke system is used to

A

estimate body condition in horses on a scale from 1-9

170
Q

nuchal or cresty neck scores are used to

A

indicate equine metabolic syndrome on a scale from 0-5

171
Q

main vitamins for horses include (3)

A

vitamins A, D, E

172
Q

main vitamins for dogs and cats include (12)

A

-vitamins A, D, E, K, B12
-thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, and choline

173
Q

minimum protein for dogs

A

-maintenance: 18%
-growth/reproduction: 22.5%

174
Q

minimum fat for dogs

A

-maintenance: 5.5%
-growth/reproduction: 8.5%

175
Q

there is no minimum standard for ____ in dogs and cats

A

carbohydrates

176
Q

humanisation is the

A

desire to feed dogs like a human family member

177
Q

premiumisation is the

A

desire to feed dogs the best perceived quality possible

178
Q

predominant nutrients for cats should be (2)

A

-protein
-fat

179
Q

a high carbohydrate diet in cats can

A

increase the risk of diabetes mellitus

180
Q

minimum fat for cats

A

9%

181
Q

minimum protein for cats

A

-maintenance: 26%
-growth/reproduction: 30%

182
Q

dentition of rats/mice (3)

A

-2 upper and lower incisors
-3 upper and lower molars
-only incisors grow continuously

183
Q

rats/mice are

A

omnivores

184
Q

dentition of guinea pigs (4)

A

-2 upper and lower incisors
-1 upper and lower premolar
-3 upper and lower molars
-ALL teeth grow continuously

185
Q

creep feeding is the practice of

A

offering nutrient dense, highly palatable solid feed during suckling

186
Q

weaners should be fed

A

ad libitum until 20-25kg

187
Q

weaner and grower/finisher rations should be

A

high in digestible energy and crude protein

188
Q

growers/finishers should be fed

A

ad libitum until 45-60kg

189
Q

dry sows should only be fed ad lib

A

14 days prior to mating

190
Q

lactating sows should be fed

A

ad lib

191
Q

pregnant sows should have

A

controlled feed intake based on body condition score

192
Q

lambs are typically weaned at

A

12-14 weeks of age

193
Q

wool growth rate increases with

A

increased dry matter intake

194
Q

lactation of dairy cows occurs from

A

the time of calving for ~305 days

195
Q

three phases of lactation

A

Phase 1: 0-4 months post-calving (milk yield per day peaks)
Phase 2: 4-8 months post-calving (nutritional intake peaks, body weight stabilises)
Phase 3: 8-10 months post-calving (lactation drying up, nutritional intake reducing, body weight still increasing)

196
Q

drying off occurs in the

A

final 60 days of the year

197
Q

feed maintenance of horses depends on (3)

A

-housing
-age
-temperament

198
Q

resting energy requirements (RER) is the

A

daily energy intake required by a relaxed animal in a thermoneutral environment

199
Q

RER =

A

70 x (BW^0.75)

200
Q

maintenance energy requirements (MER) is

A

RER + energy required for exercise, digestion, and absorption of food

201
Q

weaning of puppies and kittens starts at

A

3-4 weeks of age

202
Q

underfeeding predisposes dogs to (3)

A

-reduced immunity
-poor growth
-poor muscle and skeletal development -

203
Q

overfeeding predisposes dogs to (2)

A

-rapid growth
-joint disease

204
Q

increase in energy demands in bitches does not occur until

A

4-5 weeks gestation

205
Q

intake requirements of bitches peaks at

A

week 3 of lactation

206
Q

supplemental calcium is ___ recommended during canine pregnancy

A

never

207
Q

canine senior diets target (3)

A

-anti-oxidants for free radical protection
-high quality, easily digestible protein for muscle maintenance
-omega fatty acids for joint protection -

208
Q

increase in energy demands in queens starts at

A

early pregnancy

209
Q

feline senior diets target (4)

A

-anti-oxidant for free radical protection
-high quality, easily digestible protein for muscle maintenance
-omega fatty acids for joint protection
-phosphorus control for renal care

210
Q

a major source of economic loss and welfare compromise in pigs is

A

post-weaning diarrhea (PWD)

211
Q

post-weaning diarrhea occurs within

A

10 days of weaning

212
Q

4 factors contributing to post-weaning diarrhea in pigs

A
  1. sudden withdrawal of whole milk
  2. poor maturation of digestive function
  3. presence of anti-nutritive factors in post-weaning diets
  4. role of dietary antigens in creating hypersensitivity reactions
213
Q

4 ways to control PWD

A
  1. restrict intake of feed during early weaning (increase fibre)
  2. increase fat component in weaner diet
  3. process feeds to reduce antigenicity (heat-treating, pre-digesting)
  4. adding pre- and pro-biotics to weaner diets
214
Q

5 examples of pre- and post-biotics in weaner diets to control PWD

A

-lactobacillus
-oligosaccharides
-short chain fatty acids
-zinc compounds
-natural clays

215
Q

waterbelly, urinary stones, or urinary calculi are other names for

A

urolithiasis in sheeps and goats

216
Q

prevention of urolithiasis in sheeps and goats (4)

A

-prevent foraging on high oxalate and silica pastures
-ensure Ca:P ratio is ~ 2:1
-provide roughage of sufficient fibre length
-encourage adequate water intake

217
Q

grass tetany is commonly seen in

A

grazing cattle (particularly beef cattle)

218
Q

any decrease in ___ absorption of the rumen can predispose to grass tetany

A

magnesium

219
Q

in horses, inflammation of the metaphyseal growth plate is called

A

physitis

220
Q

in horses, osteochondrosis is

A

disturbance of bone proliferation, maturation, and ossification

221
Q

development of orthopaedic disease in horses can occur in several ways (2)

A

-rapid growth rate
-dietary Ca:P imbalance
-high starch diets

222
Q

Ca:P in horses should be

A

3:1

223
Q

gastric ulcers affect a large proportion of ___ horses

A

performance

224
Q

lesions of the mucosa of the stomach are called

A

gastric ulcers

225
Q

most ulcers (80%) occur in the

A

non-glandular stomach

226
Q

7 risk factors for development of gastric ulcers

A

-fasting
-high-starch rations
-slug feeding
-stabling
-straw roughage
-restricted water access
-transport

227
Q

continued acid secretion with no buffering from saliva or feed and increasingly watery contents more likely to splash gastric fluid on squamous mucosa is due to

A

fasting

228
Q

disturbed feed/water intake is due to

A

transport

229
Q

reduced gastric acid dilution is due to

A

restricted water access

230
Q

rapid production of VFA and lactic acid + inadequate saliva production + lower calcium is due to

A

high starch rations

231
Q

large, infrequent meals in horses is called

A

slug feeding

232
Q

damage to gastric epithelium and low calcium/protein is due to

A

straw roughage

233
Q

stabling is more commonly associated with

A

grain feeding and lack of continued access to saliva-inducing roughage

234
Q

the most common nutritive disorder in dogs/cats is

A

obesity (40% dogs, 60% cats)

235
Q

obesity is a risk factor for (6)

A

-insulin resistance
-arthritis
-pancreatitis
-respiratory disease
-heat intolerance
-renal disease

236
Q

life expectancy of dogs/cats is directly linked to

A

body condition (on a 1-9 scale)

237
Q

3 factors to take into consideration for obesity in dogs/cats

A
  1. Patient signalment (neutering, gender, age, breed)
  2. Environment (exercise, single-dog household)
  3. Diet (price of food, treats, once-daily feeding, food intake)
238
Q

weight loss goals in dogs should be

A

1-2% of body weight per week

239
Q

weight loss goals in cats should be

A

no more than 1.5% body weight per week

240
Q

3 ways to reduce weight in dogs/cats

A
  1. pet owner communication/commitment
  2. appropriate diet/feeding method
  3. exercise plan

VETS1003: Digestion (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions