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VETS1003: Digestion > Oral Cavity & Teeth > Flashcards

Oral Cavity & Teeth Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of head shapes in the dog

A

-dolichocephalic
-mesaticephalic
-brachycephalic

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2
Q

Dolichocephalic (define + 3 examples)

A

Head, particularly the nose, is long and narrow
-greyhound
-borzoi
-afghan hound

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3
Q

“-cephalic” means

A

Head

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4
Q

Mesaticephalic (define + 3 examples)

A

Normal or average shape of skull
-Labrador
-beagle
-pointer
-dalmation

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5
Q

Brachycephalic (define + 3 examples)

A

Cranium is more rounded with a short nose
-boxer
-bulldog
-pug

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6
Q

6 functions of the oral cavity

A

-selection
-pretension
-mastication
-ensalivation
-forming a bolus
-swallowing/deglutition

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7
Q

The 5 boundaries of the oral cavity are

A

-lips
-cheek
-hard and soft palate
-tongue
-floor

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8
Q

How the teeth come together is called

A

Occlusion

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9
Q

Three spaces within the oral cavity are

A

-vestibule
-interdental space
-oral cavity

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10
Q

Normal teeth occlusion is (2)

A

-lower canines rostral to upper canines
-upper teeth lateral to lower teeth

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11
Q

Rostrally the oral cavity communicates with the nasal cavity via

A

Incisive ducts

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12
Q

Caudal to the central incisors and the opening to the oral cavity are

A

Incisive papilla

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13
Q

In some species, the incisive ducts may connect to the

A

Vomeronasal organ

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14
Q

Caudal communication to the oropharynx is via

A

Isthmus Faucium

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15
Q

Horses lack ___ ducts

A

Incisive

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16
Q

The vomeronasal organ is located

A

In soft tissue of the nasal septum, within the nasal cavity

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17
Q

Jacobson’s Organ is also called

A

Vomeronasal organ

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18
Q

Vomeronasal organ (2)

A

-paired auxiliary olfactory (smell) sense
-receptors detect pheromones

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19
Q

Labial means

A

Lips

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20
Q

The assessment of perfusion and hydration status of mucous membranes is called

A

Capillary refill time

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21
Q

Mucous membranes should be

A

Pink and pigmented

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22
Q

Buccal means

A

Cheek

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23
Q

Prolonged capillary refill time takes how much time and is an indication of what

A

->2 seconds
-decreased peripheral perfusion

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24
Q

Normal capillary refill time is

A

1-2 seconds

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25
Q

Lingual means

A

Tongue

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26
Q

Yellow mucous membranes indicates

A

Jaundice

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27
Q

Purple/bright red mucous membranes indicates

A

Septic shock

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28
Q

Grey/white/muddy mucous membranes can indicate (2)

A

-anemia (not enough RBCs)
-hypovolemia (not enough blood)

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29
Q

Lips/Labial (3)

A

-internally covered with Labial Mucosa
-mucosal layer is continuous with gingiva (gums)
-made of stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

Rima Oris (3)

A

-dorsal and ventral lips
-where food goes in
-where vocalisation comes out

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31
Q

The corners of the lips is called the

A

Commisure

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32
Q

The most rostral part of the lips is called the

A

Philtrum

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33
Q

Labial glands of the horse are located in ____ and allow for ___

A

-margins of mouth
-high mobility of the lips

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34
Q

Camels are able to open/close its ___ in order to ___

A

Nostrils; keep sand out

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35
Q

Papillae in bovid cheeks are ___ to ___

A

-aborally directed
-keep food between teeth

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36
Q

Sharp edges on the teeth can

A

Cause damage to the mucosa (especially in horses)

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37
Q

The cheeks/buccal includes (2)

A

-external skin
-internal mucosa lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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38
Q

Buccal glands (2)

A

-dorsal
-ventral

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39
Q

The dorsal buccal gland in carnivores is called the

A

Zygomatic

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40
Q

Hard palate (4)

A

-lacks glands
-covered with thick stratified squamous epithelium
-contains a venous plexus underneath epithelium
-can be pigmented

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41
Q

Three bones of the hard palate

A

-incisive
-maxilla
-palatine

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42
Q

Rugae and median raphe are part of the

A

Hard palate

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43
Q

What is A and B?

A

A: median raphe
B: rugae

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44
Q

The hard palate in ruminants (2)

A

-is called the dental pad
-thick Cornified (keratinised) stratified squamous epithelium

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45
Q

The dental pad of ruminants is there in lieu of

A

Upper incisive teeth

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46
Q

A defect of the hard palate is called

A

Cleft palate

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47
Q

5 functions of the tongue

A

-feeding
-suckling
-drinking
-thermoregulation
-grooming

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48
Q

The sulcus of the tongue

A

Runs up the median length of the tongue

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49
Q

The attachment of the ventral portion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth in the midline is called the

A

Frenulum

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50
Q

Four main parts of the tongue

A

-apex
-sulcus
-body
-root

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51
Q

The root of the tongue is attached to (2)

A

-hyoid apparatus
-surrounding connective tissue

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52
Q

Lyssa of tongue (4)

A

-directly beneath mucosa
-not all species have it
-thin and hard
-extends from the tongue apex to the level of the frenulum

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53
Q

Cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses have two additional structure in their tongue called __ which help to ___

A

-lingual fossa
-lingual torus
Helps to generate negative pressure in the mouth for suction

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54
Q

The caudal portion of the tongue in cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses is called

A

Lingual torus (tongue prominence)

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55
Q

Four muscles of the tongue

A

-styloglossus
-hyoglossus
-genioglossus
-geniohyoid

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56
Q

The lingual fossa and lingual torus help to

A

Generate negative pressure in the mouth for suction

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57
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (3)

A

-are within the tongue
-dorsal
-contain many fibre bundles with connective tissue and fat

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58
Q

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue are innervated by which nerve

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CNXII)

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59
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the tongue (3)

A

-responsible for major movement
-originate outside the tongue
-more ventral

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60
Q

The styloglossus comes from which bone

A

Stylohyoid

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61
Q

The hyoglossus comes from which bone

A

Basihyoid

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62
Q

The genioglossus comes from which bone

A

Medial surface of the rostral mandible

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63
Q

The geniohyoid runs from the

A

Mandibular symphysis to basihyoid

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64
Q

“Genio-“ means

A

Chin

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65
Q

Which muscle elevates and retracts the tongue

A

Styloglossus

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66
Q

Which muscle depresses and retracts the tongue

A

Hyoglossus

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67
Q

Which muscle moves the hyoid and tongue rostral and is important during swallowing

A

Geniohyoid

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68
Q

Which muscle depresses, moves rostral, and curls the tongue

A

Genioglossus

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69
Q

Label the following muscles of the tongue

A

Red: Genioglossus
Blue: Geniohyoid
Black: Styloglossus
Yellow: Hyoglossus

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70
Q

The tongue surface is lined with ___ and covered with ___

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
-papillae

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71
Q

Specialized receptor cells that respond to chemical stimuli in food/drink are called

A

Taste buds

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72
Q

Taste bud receptor cells activate ___ and release ___

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons; neurotransmitters

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73
Q

Raised bumps on the tongue are called

A

Papillae

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74
Q

Papillae can either be

A

Mechanical or contain taste buds

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75
Q

Two mechanical papillae are

A

-conical papilla
-lenticular papilla

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76
Q

Taste bud papillae include (3)

A

-vallate
-foliate
-fungiform

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77
Q

Conical papilla (4)

A

-mechanical
-big filiform
-located on the root of the tongue
-point caudally (direct food to back of throat)

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78
Q

Lenticular papilla (4)

A

-mechanical
-flat and rounded
-mainly found on lingual torus of ruminants
-enhance suction from tongue to hard palate to generate negative pressure

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79
Q

Fungiform papillae (3)

A

-taste
-located on the rostral 2/3 of tongue
-rounded protrusions

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80
Q

Vallate Papilla (5)

A

-taste
-dorsal root of tongue (2/3 from tip of tongue)
-large
-V shaped
-surrounded by a deep groove

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81
Q

Marginal Papillae (2)

A

-found in young pups (lost as diet changes to solid
-help seal lips around the nipple to prevent milk spilling

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82
Q

Foliate Papillae (5)

A

-taste
-lateral root of tongue
-oval shaped
-separated by deep clefts/crypts
-serous gland discharge

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83
Q

Taste buds consist of (4)

A

-taste pore
-supporting cells beneath taste pore
-neuroepithelial cells
-nerve ending

84
Q

Taste buds sit on ___ and extend from ___ to ___

A

-dermal papillae
-basal laminar of stratified squamous epithelium
-surface

85
Q

Taste buds are innervated by (3) depending on which taste bud is activated

A

-facial nerve (CN VII)
-glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
-vagus nerve (CN X)

86
Q

Lingual tonsils are (3)

A

-aggregated lymph nodules around the base of the tongue
-large in bovines
-not observable in dogs, cats, and small ruminants

87
Q

Which muscle opens the jaw when it contracts

A

Diagastric

88
Q

The surface of the tooth facing toward the tongue is called

A

Lingual

89
Q

Which type of tooth does NOT have a deciduous tooth

A

Molars

90
Q

Part of the tooth containing blood vessels/nerves

A

Pulp cavity

91
Q

Which structure of the tooth is harder than bone and CANNOT undergo repair?

A

Enamel

92
Q

Teeth are used for (4)

A

-pretension
-offense
-defense
-mastication

93
Q

The root of the tooth is

A

Embedded in a socket/alveolus

94
Q

The crown of teeth (3)

A

-protrudes above the gingiva/gums
-anatomic crown (containing enamel)
-clinical crown (what is visible)

95
Q

The hardest substance in the body is

A

Enamel

96
Q

In hypsodont teeth, the anatomic crown can

A

Extend below the gingiva

97
Q

The neck of teeth

A

Bulges at the level of gingiva (can become visible if gingival recession occurs)

98
Q

Enamel (5)

A

-no nerve supply
-harder than bone
-arrange into rods (prisms) of hydroxyapatite
-wears slower than dentine
-cannot undergo repair

99
Q

Ameloblasts (3)

A

-create enamel
-degenerate after the enamel is formed
-CANNOT be reformed

100
Q

The layer under enamel is

A

Dentine

101
Q

Why can’t enamel undergo repair

A

Ameloblasts create enamel and degenerate once enamel is formed. They CANNOT be reformed.

102
Q

Dentine is formed from

A

Odontoblasts at the base of dentine layer

103
Q

Dentine (7)

A

-similar to bone
-layer under enamel
-formed from odontoblasts
-line the outer pulp cavity
-remain viable for the life of the tooth
-hollow microtubules within a 70% hypocyapatite matrix
-sensitive to pain if enamel layer is breached

104
Q

Primary dentine

A

Is laid down before tooth eruption

105
Q

Secondary dentine

A

Is produced as the tooth develops

106
Q

Tertiary dentine (3)

A

-formed in response to trauma (bacterial, thermal, chemical, and/or mechanical)
-few tubules, more dense
-darker in color

107
Q

Dentine lines the

A

Outer pulp cavity

108
Q

How do teeth become sensitive

A

If enamel layer is breached, fluid flows through dentine tubules

109
Q

What structure covers the root of the tooth

A

Cementum

110
Q

What structure holds the tooth in place

A

Periodontal ligament

111
Q

Cementum (6)

A

-thin and calcified
-covers root of tooth
-capable of formation, destruction, and repair
-remodels continually throughout life
-attaches to periodontal ligament
-relatively immune to abrasion

112
Q

In order to remove a tooth, what structure needs to be broken down?

A

Periodontal ligament

113
Q

Periodontal ligament (3)

A

-network of collagenous fibres and fibroblasts
-holds tooth in place
-embedded in cementum and into alveolar bone

114
Q

What part of the tooth contains blood supply/nerves

A

Pulp cavity

115
Q

Bacteria that reaches the pulp cavity, from a lack of dental care, can quickly form a

A

Tooth Root Abscess

116
Q

Pulp Cavity (3)

A

-contains blood supply and nerves
-exact location may vary tooth to tooth
-connected to alveolus via root canal

117
Q

Brachydont teeth (4)

A

-stop growing at maturity
-firmly anchored in jaw
-deep root in relation to crown
-enamel is NOT replaced

118
Q

What type of teeth continuously grow?

A

Hypsodont

119
Q

Which teeth have one root? Which teeth have multiple roots?

A

One root = incisor and canine
Multiple roots = premolars and molars

120
Q

Which teeth stop growing once the animal reaches maturity

A

Brachydont

121
Q

Hypsodont teeth (4)

A

-high crown in relation to roots
-take a long time to fully erupt
-enables more wear and tear (grinding)
-crown covered in enamel and cementum

122
Q

What type of teeth are hypsodont

A

-cheek teeth (premolars and molars) of herbivores
-incisors of horses

123
Q

As hypsodont teeth surface wear (3)

A

-pulp cavity may become exposed
-sealed with secondary/tertiary dentine
-helps with ageing

124
Q

The canine teeth of horses are

A

Brachydont

125
Q

What type of tooth has a deep root in relation to the crown

A

Brachydont

126
Q

Four types of teeth

A

-incisors
-canines
-cheek teeth (premolars and molars

127
Q

Incisors (4)

A

-cutting pieces of food
-typically 3 upper, 3 lower in each half of jaw
-Brachydont in most species (exception: horse)
-important for grooming

128
Q

Which type of tooth has a high crown in relation to its roots

A

Hypsodont

129
Q

Canines (4)

A

-grasping and/or offense/defense
-very deep roots
-Brachydont
-lower canine sits rostral to upper canine

130
Q

Cheek teeth include

A

Premolars and molars

131
Q

Cheek teeth (4)

A

-slicing, grinding, and crushing food
-Brachydont in carnivores and omnivores
-hypsodont in herbivores
-premolars have a precursor (deciduous teeth), molars do NOT

132
Q

How many teeth do dogs have

A

42

133
Q

In dental formulas, the number that comes first indicates

A

The upper jaw (ex. M 2/3 = 2 molars on upper, 3 molars on lower)

134
Q

Dog dental formula

A

2 (I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)

135
Q

How many incisors in the dog

A

6 upper and 6 lower

136
Q

How many canines in the dog

A

2 upper, 2 lower

137
Q

How many teeth do cats have

A

30

138
Q

How many premolars in the dog

A

8 upper, 8 lower

139
Q

Carnassial teeth (5)

A

-used for cutting and shearing
-dog: P4 / M1
-cat: P3 / M1
-last premolar in upper jaw
-first molar in lower jaw

140
Q

How many molars in the dog

A

4 upper, 6 lower

141
Q

What is the dental formula for cats

A

2 ( I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)

142
Q

The carnassial teeth in the dog are located at

A

P4 / M1

143
Q

The carnassial teeth in the cat are located at

A

P3 / M1

144
Q

How many incisors in the cat

A

6 upper, 6 lower

145
Q

How many canines in the cat

A

2 upper, 2 lower

146
Q

How many premolars in the cat

A

6 upper, 4 lower

147
Q

How many molars in the cat

A

2 upper, 2 lower

148
Q

Deciduous teeth (6)

A

-ie. baby teeth
-smaller and fewer in number
-NO molars
-allows jaw to grow and increase capacity of teeth
-replaced in fixed sequence
-can sometimes be retained

149
Q

How many deciduous teeth in the dog

A

28

150
Q

How many deciduous teeth in the cat

A

26

151
Q

Dental formula for deciduous teeth in dog

A

2 (i 3/3 c 1/1 p 3/3)

152
Q

How many deciduous incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in the dog?

A

Incisors: 6 upper, 6 lower
Canines: 2 upper, 2 lower
Premolars: 6 upper, 6 lower
Molars: NONE

153
Q

Dental formula of deciduous teeth in cats

A

2 (i 3/3 c 1/1 p 3/2)

154
Q

How many deciduous incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in the cat?

A

Incisors: 6 upper, 6 lower
Canines: 2 upper, 2 lower
Premolars: 6 upper, 4 lower
Molars: NONE

155
Q

Odontoclasts

A

Resorb the roots of deciduous teeth, breaking down hard tissue and releasing the minerals

156
Q

Permanent teeth grow on the ___ of the deciduous teeth

A

Lingual (medial) side —> ie. side of tongue

157
Q

Premature loss of deciduous tooth can lead to

A

Disorganized permanent teeth

158
Q

Resorption of deciduous teeth involves

A

Periods of rest and repair

159
Q

In resorption of deciduous teeth, if the repair process prevails over resorption…

A

Deposition of cementum-like tissue can cause the tooth to ankylose (fuse) to surrounding bone with the loss of the periodontal ligament (ie. tooth can’t fall out and growth of permanent tooth is impeded)

160
Q

In dogs, the incisor and canines have a

A

Single long root

161
Q

In dogs, the incisor crown is (2)

A

-tricuspid (3 points) in upper jaw
-bicuspid (2 points) in lower jaw

162
Q

Canine tooth shape (2)

A

-curved into alveolus
-laterally compressed

163
Q

Premolars increase in

A

Size and complexity

164
Q

Cusps of premolars form a

A

Discontinuous serrated cutting edge

165
Q

The cusps of molars is mostly used for

A

Crushing food

166
Q

Most of the cheek teeth in dogs have

A

More than one root

167
Q

The smallest of the cheek teeth in dogs are ___ and contain ___ root(s)

A

-1st premolars
-lower 3rd molars
-one root

168
Q

The large carnassial teeth of dogs (2)

A

-P4, M1, and M2
-has 3 roots (mesiolingual, mesiovestibular, and distal)

169
Q

In the dog, the rest of the cheek teeth including the lower carnassial tooth M1 have

A

2 roots (medial and distal)

170
Q

Extraction of cheek teeth involves

A

Sectioning the tooth: cutting through the crown to enable independent root extraction

171
Q

In cats, the first premolars have ___ root(s), upper carnassial (P3) has __ root(s), and the rest have __ root(s)

A

First premolars: one root
P3: three roots
Rest of teeth: two roots

172
Q

Brachycephalic breeds often have ___ due to ___

A

Malocclusion, compaction, and/or missing teeth due to overcrowding

173
Q

Occlusial tooth surface

A

Where the teeth come together

174
Q

Lingual or palatal tooth surface

A

Faces the tongue

175
Q

Jaws are divided into

A

4 quadrants

176
Q

Vestibular/buccal/labial tooth surface

A

Faces the cheek

177
Q

The front side of the tooth surface is called

A

Mesial

178
Q

The back side of the tooth surface is called

A

Distal

179
Q

The right lower jaw is quadrant

A

4

180
Q

The left upper jaw is quadrant

A

2

181
Q

The right upper jaw is quadrant

A

1

182
Q

The left lower (mandible) jaw is quadrant

A

3

183
Q

First molar is always

A

09

184
Q

The last premolar is always

A

08

185
Q

The central incisor is always

A

01

186
Q

The canines are always

A

04

187
Q

What is tooth 304 in the cat

A

Lower left canine

188
Q

What is tooth 201 in the dog

A

Upper left central incisor

189
Q

What is tooth 103

A

Upper right incisor

190
Q

What is tooth 411 in the dog

A

Lower right molar

191
Q

Cats lack which tooth numbers (6)

A

105, 205, 305, 405, 306, 406

192
Q

Upper incisors are located in which bone

A

Incisive

193
Q

All teeth, except the upper incisors and lower teeth, are located in which bone

A

Maxilla

194
Q

The lower teeth are located in which bone

A

Mandible

195
Q

Brachygnathic or parrot mouthed means

A

The mandible is too short (ie. overbite)

196
Q

A mandible that is too long, resulting in an underbite is called

A

Prognathic

197
Q

The angle of the mandible should lie directly

A

Ventral to the temporomandibular joint

198
Q

The mandible can move in

A

3 planes

199
Q

Jaw down movement is caused by which muscle

A

Diagstric

200
Q

Jaw up or closing the jaw is due to which muscle

A

Temporalis

201
Q

Jaw closing muscles include

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid

202
Q

In the pterygoid muscle, which is larger: medial or lateral?

A

Medial

203
Q

Which jaw muscle is very important in carnivores

A

Temporalis

204
Q

Four muscles of the jaw

A

-Temporalis
-masseter
-lateral and medial pterygoid
-Diagastric

205
Q

Innervation of the jaw is done by

A

-facial nerve (CN VII)
-trigeminal nerve (CN V)

206
Q

The facial nerve (CN VII) (2)

A

-opens the mouth (ie. Diagastric m.)
-facial expression

207
Q

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) (2)

A

-closes the mouth
-facial senses

VETS1003: Digestion (19 decks)

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