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VETS1003: Digestion > Pharynx, Oesophagus, Deglutition > Flashcards

Pharynx, Oesophagus, Deglutition Flashcards

1
Q

The pharynx is in the ____ region of the oral cavity and leads to the _____ systems

A

Caudal; respiratory and digestive

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2
Q

The pharynx has a transition from ____ to ____

A

Ectoderm (voluntary actions) to endoderm (involuntary actions)

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3
Q

Soft palate (3)

A

-continuous with hard palate
-moveable, muscular fold
-extends back from the caudal border of the hard palate

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4
Q

The soft palate divides the ____ into ____ spaces

A

Pharynx; 3

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5
Q

Three spaces of the pharynx

A

-nasopharynx (dorsal aspect)
-oropharynx (ventral aspect)
-laryngopharynx (caudal extension of BOTH naso- and oropharynx

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6
Q

The soft palate in dogs and cats (2)

A

-does NOT reach the epiglottis
-allows for both mouth and nose breathing

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7
Q

BOAS stands for ___ and is indicated by (2)

A

-brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome
-elongation of the soft palate
-narrow nostrils/nares

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8
Q

A landmark for intubation is the

A

Palatoglossal arch

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9
Q

Soft tissue from the soft palate to the tongue at the isthmus is called the

A

Palatoglossal arch

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10
Q

The isthmus faucium is the

A

Entrance to the oropharynx

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11
Q

The free edge of the soft palate (tonsils) are called

A

Palatine velum

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12
Q

What connects the palate to the tongue

A

Palatoglossal arch

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13
Q

Soft tissue that extends caudally on either side of the soft palate

A

Palatopharyngeal arch

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14
Q

Three muscles of the soft palate

A

-tensor palati
-lavator palati
-palatinus

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15
Q

What muscle shortens the soft palate during contraction

A

Palatinus

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16
Q

What muscle tenses and straightens the soft palate

A

Tensor palati

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17
Q

Which muscle lifts the palate and closes the nasopharynx during swallowing

A

Levator palati

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18
Q

Nasopharynx (3)

A

-part of respiratory system
-dorsal to the soft palate
-opens into caudal nares (choanae) at junction of nasal cavity and into eustachian (auditory) tubes

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19
Q

The junction of the nasal cavity is where

A

The soft and hard palate meet

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20
Q

The nasopharynx is made of (2)

A

-pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that warms/humidifies the air
-scattered goblet cells that produce mucous and trap large particles

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21
Q

The oropharynx is made of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

The laryngopharynx is made of

A

-stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Nasopharyngeal polyps (4)

A

-found in cats
-originate in the ear or Eustachian tube
-grow in the nasopharynx
-eventually disrupt breathing

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24
Q

The Palatoglossal arches connect

A

The palate to the tongue via the isthmus fascium

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25
Q

Oropharynx (3)

A

-part of digestive system
-caudal to Palatoglossal arches
-when breathing through nose, ventral soft palate drops and comes in contact with the tongue to flatten the oropharynx

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26
Q

What separates the laryngopharynx and oropharynx

A

Annular fold

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27
Q

What part of the pharynx has no secretions and is used for protection only

A

Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

3 parts of the Laryngopharynx

A

-Ventral: pyriform recess on either side of larynx
-Dorsal: above the larynx
-Caudal: cricoid cartilage

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29
Q

Muscles of the pharynx (no names) (3)

A

-3 longitudinal muscles that receive food, dilate and shorten the pharynx
-3 circular muscles that constrict the pharynx and move bolt to epiglottis
-all are striated (skeletal) muscle covered in pharyngeal fascia

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30
Q

The swallowing reflex is

A

Involuntary

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31
Q

Lymphatic tissue of the pharynx (4)

A

-defends mucosal surface
-widespread in pharynx
-Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
-tonsils (follicular and non-follicular)

32
Q

MALT stands for ___ and are ___

A

-mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
-lymphocytic infiltrations under the epithelium

33
Q

Tonsils (5)

A

-lymph nodules
-interspereed with diffuse lymphatic tissue
-discrete organs
-non-follicular tonsils under a flat sheet of epithelium
-follicular tonsils increase surface area via invaginations

34
Q

What non-follicular tonsils are found in the dog and cat

A

Palatine tonsils

35
Q

What follicular tonsils are found in the ox

A

Sinus tonsillaris

36
Q

5 types of tonsils

A

-pharyngeal
-tubal
-soft palate
-palatine
-lingual

37
Q

Which type of tonsil is NOT present in carnivores

A

Tubal tonsil

38
Q

Carnivore tonsils (3)

A

-lingual and soft palate tonsils diffuse
-pharyngeal tonsils are plate-like
-large palatine tonsils on lateral wall of oropharynx

39
Q

Lingual tonsils are located at

A

The base of the tongue

40
Q

The oropharynx is ___ to the nasopharynx

A

Ventral

41
Q

Epiglottis (6)

A

-leaf-like elastic cartilage
-caudal to tongue
-flexible
-part of larynx
-a valve that closes the trachea
-most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages

42
Q

What connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

Oesophagus

43
Q

The nasopharynx is ___ to the oropharynx

A

Dorsal

44
Q

Three parts of the oesophagus

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Abdominal
45
Q

The cervical oesophagus (3)

A

-starts at annular fold, dorsal to cricoid cartilage of larynx
-initially dorsal to trachea, then moves to the left
-extension of the laryngopharynx

46
Q

Thoracic oesophagus (6)

A

-enters thorax on the left
-returns dorsal to trachea
-in dorsal mediastinum
-right of the aortic arch
-ventral to thoracic aorta
-runs between the lungs (oesophageal hiatus in diaphragm)

47
Q

What is a congenital birth defect that causes regurgitation of solid food

A

Persistent right aortic arch

48
Q

A dilation of the oesophagus causing loss of motility is called

A

Megaoesophagus

49
Q

Four layers/tunics of the oesophagus (from in to out)

A

-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscularis External
-Tunica Adventitia (cervical and thoracic) / Tunica Serosa (abdominal)

50
Q

Abdominal oesophagus

A

short region leading to the cardia of stomach

51
Q

The cardia of the stomach is where

A

The oesophagus enters the stomach via the Cardia Sphincter

52
Q

In most animals, as the oesophagus goes toward the stomach, the diameter ____ and the muscle wall thickness ___

A

Decreases; increases

53
Q

Mucosa layer of the oesophagus (4)

A

-stratified squamous epithelium
-distinct Cornified (keratin) layer
-lamina propria lacks glands
-muscularis mucosa is incomplete

54
Q

Submucosa layer of the oesophagus (4)

A

-loose connective tissue
-contains mucous glands
-proximal only in cats (ie. near the pharynx)
-entire length in dogs

55
Q

Muscularis externa layer of the oesophagus (5)

A

-initially spiral skeletal muscle
-remained is outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle
-forms cranial oesophageal spinster
-entire length is skeletal muscle in dogs
-proximal 2/3 is skeletal muscle in cats

56
Q

Tunica Adventitia layer of the oesophagus (3)

A

-cervical and thoracic parts of oesophagus
-connective tissue sheath
-allows movement

57
Q

Hyoid apparatus (3)

A

-U shaped arrangement of bones and cartilage
-provides a framework for pharynx and larynx
-controlled by complex set of muscles

58
Q

The geniohyoid (4)

A

-major muscle of the hyoid apparatus
-within the inter-mandibular space
-pulls the larynx rostral and dorsal
-seals the larynx by the epiglottis

59
Q

During deglutition, the ____ bone is pulled rostrally causing ___

A

Basihyoid; tip of epiglottis gets pushed between the laryngeal mouth and root of tongue (ie. covers the glottis)

60
Q

The opening of the airways is the

A

Glottis

61
Q

Deglutition (3)

A

-transfers food/drink from oral cavity to stomach
-initially voluntary movement (bonus forced into oropharynx by tongue)
-involuntary movements include swelling reflex, respiratory tract closing off, oesophagus dilating, and bolus being propelled into the oesophagus

62
Q

Food bolus moves ___ by the action of ____

A

Caudally; the tongue (styloglossus and hyoglossus muscles)

63
Q

The bolus moves down the oesophagus by a wave of ___ where ___ occurs

A

Constriction; peristalsis

64
Q

Sphincters are always ___, except during swelling

A

Closed

65
Q

Peristalsis (2)

A

-constriction caused by contractions of circular muscle BEHIND bolus
-contraction of longitudinal muscle AHEAD of bolus shortens the oesophagus

66
Q

In suckling and drinking, the ___ is the major organ which helps create ___

A

Tongue; negative pressure for sucking

67
Q

Which structure is dorsal to the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

68
Q

Regurgitation is ___ while vomiting is ___

A

Passive; active

69
Q

As the oesophagus moves further down the neck, it travels to the

A

Left

70
Q

Which layer of the oesophagus has no glands

A

Lamina propria

71
Q

Geniohyoid muscle (2)

A

-major muscle of importance in deglutition
-moves hyoid and base of tongue rostrally and dorsally

72
Q

Which structure covers the glottis during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

73
Q

For vomiting to occur,

A

The pressure in the thoracic cavity must decrease

74
Q

A decrease in the thoracic cavity pressure will cause

A

Ingesta to enter the oesophagus

75
Q

____ and ___ brings ingesta back into the mouth during vomiting

A

Reverse peristalsis; abdominal muscle contraction

VETS1003: Digestion (19 decks)

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