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VETS1003: Digestion > Microbiome & Fermentation > Flashcards

Microbiome & Fermentation Flashcards

1
Q

The microbiome is located

A

Virtually on all open surfaces, especially the skin and GIT

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2
Q

The microbiome is a dynamic community that is (3)

A

-host specific
-site specific
-individual specific

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3
Q

5 ways the microbiome is critical for digestion

A

-fermentation
-synthesis of vitamins K and B12
-conversion of some amino acids into simple sugars, VFAs, etc
-breakdown of polyphenols into active molecules
-removal/deactivation of drugs/xenobiotics

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4
Q

Microbial molecules target

A

Pattern recognition receptors in intestinal Paneth Cells

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5
Q

intestinal Paneth cells are synthesized

A

After weeks to months post-birth

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6
Q

Paneth cells induce secretion of

A

Antimicrobial molecules

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7
Q

Microbial molecules include (6)

A

-peptidoglycan
-LPS
-lipid A
-flagella
-bacterial RNA/DNA
-fungal cell wall beta-glucans

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8
Q

Microbial surface molecules are taken up by the host

A

Across the gut lining

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9
Q

Microbiota provides

A

Feedback information to prevent extreme immune responses (ie. allergic reactions)

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10
Q

Some bacteria in the microbiome will induce

A

Immunoglobulins

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11
Q

Composition of microbiome is important in ___ immune balance

A

Systemic

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12
Q

3 major functions of the GIT microbiome

A

-protection
-structure
-metabolic

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13
Q

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is said to help maintain

A

Desmosomes through production of a molecule

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14
Q

Lactobacillus species can impair ____ of lining cells

A

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

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15
Q

Meconium

A

First faeces occurring within 40 hours of birth

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16
Q

In mammals, the foetal GIT is

A

Sterile

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17
Q

During vaginal delivery, early GIT microbiome will feature

A

Microbes of the reproductive tract

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18
Q

Diversification of microbiome is dependent on

A

Feed

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19
Q

4 ways microbes can be ingested

A

-feed
-from environment
-faeces
-respired (especially rumens)

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20
Q

In a caesarean delivery, early GIT microbiome features

A

Microbes of the skin

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21
Q

True or False: microbes inhabit the foetus

A

False. Microbes enter rapidly post-birth in infants

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22
Q

Composition of microbiome is highly ____ and influenced primarily by ___

A

Host-specific; phylogeny

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23
Q

Related species have a more

A

Related GIT microbiome

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24
Q

Which two species have evolved to have a shared microbiome? Why?

A

-humans and dogs
-domestication and close association

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25
Q

Different regions of the mouth will have

A

Different microbial community structures

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26
Q

5 factors that regulate the microbiome

A

-age of host
-diet of host
-antibiotics
-disease state
-disruption (toxins, parasites, cancer, metabolic disease)

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27
Q

Neoplasia is

A

A new (abnormal) growth of cells/tissues

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28
Q

In one study, it was found diseased dogs had

A

A grater diversity of certain bacteria species

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29
Q

In ruminants, the numerical density of organisms is highest in ____ lowers in ____ and increases in ____

A

Highest in the rumen and reticulum; lower through the omasum, abomasum, and small intestines; increases in the hind-gut

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30
Q

The most numerous microbial group in the rumen are

A

Bacteria

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31
Q

Archae are the rumen’s

A

Methanogens

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32
Q

5 types of microbial groups in the rumen wall

A

-bacteria
-archaea
-Ciliata (single cell eukaryotes)
-anaerobic fungi
-bacteriophage/archaeaphage

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33
Q

Which microbial group is the regulator of microbial populations in the rumen

A

Bacteriophage/archaeaphage

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34
Q

In the rumen, the early microbiome of calves reflects

A

The dam’s reproductive tract

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35
Q

The oesophageal groove is used to

A

Allow milk to bypass the rumen

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36
Q

Fermentation activity is induced by (2)

A

-solid food
-ruminal papillae

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37
Q

Development of the rumen microbiome (5)

A
  1. Colonizers are Aerobic bacteria
  2. Aerobic bacteria are replaced by Anaerobes
  3. By 1-2 weeks of age, cellulose digesting bacteria and fungi appear
  4. After 2 weeks of age, ciliates appear
  5. At weaning, diversity of all groups drops
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38
Q

Microbiome diversity of the rumen will increase with (3)

A

-age
-diversification of diet
-husbandry

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39
Q

Ciliates of the rumen (2)

A

-apex predators
-50% of biomass

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40
Q

If you removed Protozoa from the bovine rumen (2)

A

-increase microbial amino acid supply by 30%
-decrease methane production by 11%

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41
Q

Metabolic byproduct of the rumen is

A

Methane

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42
Q

Ciliates predate on

A

Bacteria and archeans

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43
Q

Ciliates produce ___ through ___

A

Hydrogen ions; metabolism

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44
Q

2 sites of fermentation

A

-forestomachs
-hindgut fermenters

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45
Q

Forestomachs (2)

A

-highly developed in ruminants
-non-glandular region in horses and rats

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46
Q

The cardiac gland region in foregut fermenters

A

Does NOT produce HCl or pepsinogen

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47
Q

Which parasite is present in large numbers in a healthy kangaroo gut

A

Nematodes

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48
Q

Hindgut fermenters (3)

A

-fermentation occurs in caecum and colon
-variation in anatomy but functionally similar to ruminants
-examples: horse, rabbit, koala, some ruminants

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49
Q

Koalas and kangaroos are

A

Hind gut fermenters

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50
Q

A koala’s hindgut microbiome is (2)

A

-low diversity
-highly specialized

51
Q

Metabolic action of microbiome is required to

A

Convert feed components into usable sources of energy

52
Q

Microbiome provides enzymes for

A

Hydrolysis of large molecules

53
Q

Compared to glandular digestion, fermentation is (2)

A

-much slower
-substrates are altered to a greater degree

54
Q

The cell walls of plant cells contain

A

The polysaccharide cellulose

55
Q

Vertebrates lack ___, which means they are inefficient at breaking down ___

A

Cellulases; cellulose

56
Q

Animals have established a partnership with _____ that can break down cellulose

A

Symbiotic fermentation microbes

57
Q

3 types of symbiotic fermentative microbes

A

-bacteria
-single celled eukaryotes
-fungi

58
Q

The microbiome digests ____% of digestible dry matter

A

70-80%

59
Q

Microbe species are categorized according to

A

The type of substrate they ferment

60
Q

Chewing and ruminantion help to

A

Increase the surface area available microbial fermentation

61
Q

Saliva produced contains ___ and ___ which help to ____

A

Bicarbonate and phosphate ions; buffer VFAs being produced

62
Q

Higher digestibility of feed will increase

A

VFA production

63
Q

The main substrate that provides VFAs are

A

Carbohydrate

64
Q

pH of rumen is usually between

A

6-7

65
Q

The pH in grain-fed animals may be

A

Lower than 6-7

66
Q

Pyruvate is converted into (3)

A

-acetate
-propionate
-butyrate

67
Q

Carbohydrate fermentation produces

A

Volatile Fatty Acids

68
Q

Plant matter is approximately

A

75% CHO

69
Q

Simple sugars are digested ____ than starch

A

100x faster

70
Q

soluble CHOs includes

A

Simple sugars

71
Q

Storage CHOs include

A

Starch

72
Q

Starch is digested ____ than cellulose

A

5x faster

73
Q

structural CHOs includ

A

Cellulose

74
Q

Structural CHOs are digested by ____, producing a large proportion of ____

A

Bacteria; acetate

75
Q

A high fibre diet will result in

A

Increased acetate

76
Q

A high starch diet will

A

Increase propionate production

77
Q

Amount of VFAs produced depends on

A

Feed

78
Q

VFAs are absorbed

A

Across the stratified squamous epithelium

79
Q

70% of VFA is absorbed from

A

Rumen-reticulum

80
Q

Papillae are important for providing

A

Surface area for absorption

81
Q

Absorption of VFA increases at a

A

Lower pH

82
Q

Undissociated acids will diffuse

A

More readily than dissociated forms

83
Q

Carbonate is used for

A

Buffering in lumen of rumen

84
Q

H+ lowers

A

pH in pericellular region

85
Q

Carbonic anhydrase in the cell produces

A

-carbonate
-hydrogen ions

86
Q

Fermentation of proteins results in (3)

A

-deanimation of a large portion of amino acid
-formation of VFAs
-ammonia (NH3)

87
Q

Ruminal microbes can synthesize microbial protein from

A

Non-protein N sources (ie. ammonia, nitrate, and urea)

88
Q

Ruminants are able to recycle

A

Nitrogen

89
Q

In the liver, freed nitrogen is converted to

A

Urea

90
Q

What do ruminants do with urea they have produced? (2)

A

-recycle to rumen via blood or saliva to convert to microbial protein
-excreted by kidneys

91
Q

Two basic patterns of reticulorumen motility

A

-primary or mixing contractions
-secondary or eructation contractions

92
Q

Primary (mixing) contractions occur

A

Every 1-3 minutes

93
Q

Secondary (eructation) contractions occurs

A

Every other primary contraction

94
Q

5 steps to primary (mixing) contractions

A
  1. Biphasic contraction of reticulum
  2. Caudal-moving peristaltic contraction of dorsal sac
  3. Caudal-moving peristaltic contraction of ventral sac
  4. Cranial-moving peristaltic contraction of dorsal sac
  5. Cranial-moving peristaltic contraction of ventral sac
95
Q

3 steps to Secondary (eructation) contractions

A
  1. Cranial-moving wave starting in dorsal blind sac which forces gas cap cranially
  2. Cranial sac relaxes and cranial pillar elevates so liquid ingests moves away from cardiac
  3. Gas enters oesophagus and is eructated
96
Q

Control of reticulorumen motility (2)

A

-control centre in brain stem
-vagus nerve (afferent and efferent fibres)

97
Q

4 distinct zones/phases of rumen ingest a

A
  1. Gas Cap (removed via eructation)
  2. Solid Zone with Intertwined Forage (rumen mat)
  3. Slurry Zone (remastication)
  4. Liquid zone (where small particles sink to be passed through reticulo-orrifice)
98
Q

The Solid Zone sits on top of the

A

Slurry Zone

99
Q

Initial mastication in rumen digestion reduces particle size to

A

1-2 cm

100
Q

Particles need to be ___ long to pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice

A

2-3 mm

101
Q

Food intake and rate of particle passage from the rumen is influenced by (2)

A

-digestibility of feed (ie. how quickly the rumen can process the feed)
-physical characteristics of feed

102
Q

___ moves through the rumen at a faster rate than particulate matter

A

H2O

103
Q

Chopping poorly digestible forages will ____ the rate of passage through the rumen, but ____ digestibility

A

Increase; decreases

104
Q

Ingests for remastication comes from the ___ zone in the ____

A

Slurry zone; dorsal reticulum

105
Q

Ingests moves into the omasum during _____

A

Reticular contractions

106
Q

Closure of the gastric groove (4)

A

-reflex action
-efferent fibres running from brain stem via vagus nerve
-in adults, stimulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-in calves, anticipation of suckling invokes central stimulation (Cephalic Phase)

107
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted during ____ to promote ____

A

Dehydration; water conservation

108
Q

In hindgut fermenters, sugars are starches are

A

NOT absorbed in the small intestine

109
Q

___ is absorbed in the small intestine of hindgut fermenters

A

Proteins

110
Q

In hindgut fermenters, urea is

A

Recycled into the caecum and colon

111
Q

In hindgut fermenters, soluble ingests reaches the caecum in

A

~2 hours

112
Q

Caecum and ascending colon in hindgut fermenters have (2)

A

-high H2O content
-slurry-like consistency

113
Q

Retropulsive means

A

Towards the mouth

114
Q

In horses, every 3-4 minutes there occurs a

A

Strong contraction where the body and apex shorten and constrict, lifting ingests to the base and through the caecocolic orifice

115
Q

Retropulsive and propulsive peristalsis in horses help to

A

Prolong fermentation and absorption

116
Q

Segmental contractions bring

A

VFAs into close contact with the epithelium

117
Q

What part of the horse stores food for fermentation

A

Ventral colon

118
Q

Primary site of flow restriction in horses GIT is the

A

Pelvic flexure

119
Q

The pelvic flexure in horses

A

Contracts to only allow small particles to pass into dorsal colon with Retropulsive in left ventral colon

120
Q

Unlike ruminants, horses cannot

A

Utilize saliva to buffer VFAs

121
Q

Unlike the rumen, the horse’s large intestine

A

Has glandular epithelium that secretes large volumes of electrolytes

122
Q

Absorption of water, sodium, and phosphate in horses occurs in the

A

Descending colon

123
Q

Some species of hindgut fermenters rely on

A

Coprophagy and caecotrophy (allows food to pass through intestines twice)

VETS1003: Digestion (19 decks)

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