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BB CC > Vestibular System > Flashcards

Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

Vestibular system function

A

Maintaining balance, posture and special orientation

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2
Q

Vestibular system 3 receptors

A

Eyes
General proprioceptive and cutaneous receptors
Vestibular receptors in ear

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3
Q

Spinothalamic

A

Crude touch
Pain
Temperature

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4
Q

Dorsal columns

A

Vibration
Proprioception
Discriminative touch

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5
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A 
Inner ear
Vestibular part (semi-circular canal)
Auditory part (cochlea)
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6
Q

Endolymph

A

Fills membranous labyrinth
High potassium
Low sodium
–> Endocochlear potential, +ve voltage within ML

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7
Q

Perilymph

A

Within bony labyrinth surrounding membranous labyrinth

High sodium, low potassium

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8
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

Anterior Canal- Vertical
Lateral Canal- Horizontal
Posterior Canal- Vertical
Canals are at right angles of each other

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9
Q

Endolymph movement

A

When we move head, endolymph shifts within the canals
–> allows us to know which plane our head is rotating along
Speed/volume of endolymph gives us information of strength of rotation

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10
Q

Where do semi-circular ducts end

A

In Ampulla

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11
Q

Otolithic Organs

A

Utriculus

Sacculus

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12
Q

Hair cells within vestibular apparatus

A

Long kinocilium on top
–> when hair bends, either depolarises or hyperpolarises depending on direction
Depolarization- release neurotransmitter (glutamate) –> excites
Hyperpolarization- stops neurotransmitter release

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13
Q

Kinocilium MOA

A

Contain potassium channels that open in response to movement

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14
Q

Ampulla of semi-circular ducts

A

AKA Crista ampularis
Embedded in gelatinous gel
Senses angular acceleration and deacceleration

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15
Q

Utricular + Saccular maculae

A

Membranous sacs

Contain Otoliths- crystals that compress cilia continuously + responsive to gravitational forces

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16
Q

Striola

A

Curved ridge that runs through the middle of the macula

Orientate stereocilia

17
Q

Utricles

A

Hair cells polarised (excited) towards striola

Striola divides macula into medial and lateral halves

18
Q

Saccules

A

Hair cells polarised away from the striola

Striola divides each macula into anterior/posterior halves

19
Q

Semi-circular hair cells

A

Kinetic sensitivity
Sensitive to head rotation
Angular acceleration
Complementary bilateral signalling

20
Q

Otolithic Organ hair cells

A 
Utriculus- horizontal
Sacculus- vertical
Gravity
Tilt of head
Linear acceleration
21
Q

Vestibulo-Ocular reflex

A

Vestibular-nerve afferents –> central vestibular neurones –> extraocular motor neurones –> eye muscles

22
Q

Move head to the right

A

Endolymph causes hyperpolarisation on left, which inhibits left medial rectus + right lateral rectus
Causes depolarisation on right, stimulating right medial rectus and left lateral rectus
–> eyes move left, staying on object they were fixed on

23
Q

Nystagmus

A

Form of vestibulo-ocular reflex
Rapid and accurate eye movements
Initial slow rotation followed by fast flick back

24
Q

Opokinetic (fixation) and rotational nystagmus

A

Normal

25
Q

Spontaneous nystagmus

A

Abnormal

Damage to vestibular apparatus, brainstem or cerebellum

26
Q

Superior vestibular and medial vestibular nucleus

A

Afferents from ampulla of semi-circular canals

27
Q

Lateral vestibular and inferior vestibular nucleus

A

Afferents from ampulla of semi-circular canals

28
Q

Ascending vestibular pathway

A

Ascending axons of neurones in SVN enter MLF rostral to abducens nucleus

29
Q

Superior + Medial Vestibular Nuclei travel to..

A

Oculomotor and trochlear nucleus along the reticular formation

30
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Antigravity muscles

31
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tracts

A

Head/neck muscles

32
Q

Sens of equilibrium

A

Depends on signal coming from vestibular apparatus

33
Q

Kinetosis

A

Motion sickness

34
Q

Meniere’s disease

A

Disease of inner ear
Episodes of vertigo
Otoliths go into semi-circular canals where they are not supposed to be

35
Q

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

brief episodes of mild to intense vertigo

36
Q

Balance disorders clinical exam

A

Eye movements
caloric testing
Hallpike manoeuvre- lower head to table + turn to one side, watch for nystagmus + dizziness–> if anything, ear pointing to floor is affected

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