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Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system

A

Includes group of cortical and subcortical nuclei found on medial aspect of frontal, parietal + temporal lobe
–> interconnected by cortico-cortical pathways

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2
Q

Limbic cortex in frontal + parietal lobe BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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3
Q

Limbic cortex in temporal lobe BLOOD SUPPLY

A

Posterior cerebral artery

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4
Q

Limbic cortex in frontal + parietal lobes

A 
Orbito-frontal cortex (sub-callosal area)
Cingulate cortex (anterior + posterior)
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5
Q

Limbic cortex in lobe

A

Parahippocampal cortex

Lies in medial temporal lobe

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6
Q

Limbic system function

A

Mediates sense of reward
Mediates sense of unhappiness or misery
–> for reward or punishment, need to remember experience
–> limbic system involved in memory processes
–> also involved in learning, as to avoid or do an action again

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7
Q

Limbic system connections

A

Olfactory system

–> some smells hard wired to pleasurable or unpleasant emotions

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8
Q

Reward circuits

A

Neuronal circuits that are active when you have the sensation of pleasure, joy, happiness etc.

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9
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex

A

Activated during experience of pain or feelings of misery or depression

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10
Q

Pain information

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract –>

a) parabrachial nucleus –> amygdala
b) anterior thalamic nucleus –> ACC + insula –> PFC

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11
Q

Prefrontal cortex activated by ACC to…

A

“do something” about the pain

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12
Q

Cingulotomy

A

Cutting (anterior) cingulate gyrus to disrupt fibres passing rostro-caudally through it
–> reduces “emotional distress” of pain
V invasive –> not practical

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13
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Anterior part of cingulate merges into here
Associated with behaviour when threat is anticipated –> actions to avoid pain (or injury)
Prolonged pressure to make impossible choices causes extreme stress –> cortisol + adrenaline release –> sense of hopelessness + clinical depression

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14
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorders

A

Excessive activity in orbito-frontal limbic cortex

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15
Q

Posterior cingulate cortex

A

Emotional significance + memories

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16
Q

Parahippocampal Gyrus

A

Acquisition of new memories

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17
Q

Subcortical parts of limbic system

A

Hippocampus + amygdala

18
Q

Hippocampus

A

Medial wall of inferior horn of lateral ventricle
Output fibres from fornix which curves upwards and round the over the top of the 3rd ventricle
Fornix- curves forwards and upwards to lie along the midline just under corpus callosum

19
Q

Fornices of hippocampus attached together by

A

Septum pellucidum

20
Q

Fornix

A

Anterior end of fornix folds down almost vertically at front of 3rd ventricle + ends up in hypothalamus
Septum reaches down to the anterior pole of hypothalamus
–> group of nuclei known as septal nuclei
Fornix axons end in the septal nuclei + mammillary body of the hypothalamus

21
Q

Neuronal connections between hippocampus + limbic cortex

A

Info from cingulate cortex –> parahippocampal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus –> hippocampus
Info goes from hippocampus along fornix to mammillary bodies in hypothalamus
Info hypothalamus –> anterior thalamus
Anterior thalamus back to cingulate cortex

22
Q

Connections in Limbic system loop is called

A

Papez’s circuit

23
Q

Hippocampus + memory

A

Memory’s not stored here

BUT Hippocampus is NEEDED for memory storage

24
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of ability to store new experiences

25
Q

Loss of hippocampal function

A

Failure to transfer new experiences into long term memories

26
Q

Hippocampus function

A

Labels new experiences with the place + time they occurred

Enables experience to be properly stored in memory

27
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Removal of tips of temporal lobes has dramatic effect on animals’ responses to fearful situations
Abnormalities- psychic blindness, oral tendencies, hypermetamorphesis, altered sexual behaviour, emotional changes
–> lost sense of fear
–> Bilateral removal of amygdala

28
Q

Amygdala location

A

Embedded in entorhinal (olfactory) cortex in anterior medial temporal lobe

29
Q

Electrical stimulation of amygdala

A

Panic, fear and terror responses

30
Q

Loss of fear

A

Removal of amygdala and adjacent temporal cortex

31
Q

Amygdala function

A

Activates fight or flight response of symp. NS
Sends commands to hypothalamus, which sends commands to reticular formation –> activates reticulospinal tracts + thus Symp. NS
Receives input from temporal lobe cortex –> says if new stimulus is pleasurable, painful etc –> labels experience so info stored in memory with experience

32
Q

Amygdala damage

A

Misinterpretation of hazardous events
–> leads to excessive risk taking, odd relations + financial decisions
Decreases one’s ability to recognise emotion in others –> harder to empathise + conduct normal social relationships

33
Q

Hippocampus vs Amygdala

A

Hippo- Labels place + date of new experience

Amygdala- Tells us whether pleasant, unpleasant etc.

34
Q

Ventral striatum

A

Accumbens nucleus- adjacent to septal nuclei
Septal nuclei- base of septum pellucidum
Basal nucleus (nucleus of Meynert) - just under septal nuclei

35
Q

Accumbens nucleus

A

Anatomically part of brainstem, but functionally part of limbic system
Receives dopaminergic fibres as part of mesolimbic dopamine pathway

36
Q

Mesolimbic pathway

A

Set of dopamine neurones that project from brainstem regions next to substantia nigra to accumbens nucleus

37
Q

Accumbens nucleus function

A

Involved in initiation + termination of behaviours (motor actions) that activate reward pathways
Dopamine input to accumbens necessary for pleasurable behaviour to take place
Blocking dopamine in accumbens –> stop motor actions involved with addictive behaviours

38
Q

Dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen)

A

Involved in selection of actions to take based on cognitive plans created in dorsal frontal cortex
Feeds into motor cortex via globus pallidus + motor thalamus

39
Q

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

A

Involved in selection of actions based on threats or rewards

Feeds into motor system via ventral pallidum + globus pallidus

40
Q

Striatum require

A

Activity in dopamine axons from midbrain

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