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BB CC > Sleep and Arousal > Flashcards

Sleep and Arousal Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness or Arousal

A

The ability of an individual to react appropriately to stimuli in the outside world

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2
Q

Coma

A

Unarousable unresponsiveness

–> with or without reflexes present

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3
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Arousable

–> But perhaps only temporarily by intense stimuli

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4
Q

Sleep

A

Arousable by normal stimuli

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5
Q

Drowsy wakefulness

A

Responding in a non-reflex way

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6
Q

Normal wakefulness

A

Responding to spoken or written stimuli

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7
Q

High arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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8
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalograph
Small voltages recorded from pairs of scalp electrodes
Envelope of the average activity of many hundreds or thousands of nerve cells
Detect seizure activity

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9
Q

Normal waking EEG

A

High frequency

Low amplitude

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10
Q

Desynchronised EEG

A

Individual neurones firing out of phase with each other

Normal

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11
Q

Slow waved EEG

A

Individual neurones firing in phase with each other

Abnormal

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12
Q

Consciousness + synchronisation

A

More synchronised the cortical neuronal activity, the less conscious

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13
Q

Sleep + synchronisation

A

Normal (slow wave) sleep produces cortical neuronal synchronisation + thus large amplitude (delta) slow waves

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14
Q

Non-REM sleep / Slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

Normal
Increased growth and maintenance of immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems
Growth hormone main secretion
Most growth of long bones
Wound repair + regrowth of injured tissue

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15
Q

Melatonin

A

Released from pineal gland during sleep
Powerful free radical scavenger
Removes/neutralises free radicals that have accumulated during waking
Maintains GABA function + prevents seizures

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16
Q

Glycogen stores in brain during sleep

A

Increase

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17
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Posterior border of 3rd ventricle

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18
Q

Where are key control centres that control sleep and wakefulness

A

Reticular formation of Pons

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Decides when we need sleep

Then sends signal to pons to trigger sleep state

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20
Q

Ghrelin

A

Inhibitory action on sleep

21
Q

Low blood glucose levels

A

Inhibitory action on sleep

22
Q

Leptin

A

Increases sleepiness

23
Q

High adenosine levels

A

Induce sleepiness

24
Q

Medial + Ventrolateral preoptic nuclei

A

In Hypothalamus
BBB leaky
Receptors here detect blood levels of various molecules –> can promote or inhibit sleep

25
Q

Preoptic nuclei Projections

A

Project to tuberomammillary nucleus
Contains histaminergic neurones
–> active during waking and silent during sleep
–> project to all areas of neocortex
Preoptic nuclei neurones can trigger sleep by inhibiting activity of TMN histaminergic neurones

26
Q

Histamine

A

Monoamine

Histamine receptors- H1,2,3 etc

27
Q

Diurnal sleep rhythm

A

Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus
Special photoreceptor cells in retina send axons to SCN - fire continuously in daylight
–> SCn integrates this to compute hours of daylight

28
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions

A

Destroy diurnal seep rhythm

Still sleep, but at irregular patterns

29
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Abnormal sleep

Loss of orexin-containing neurones by autoimmune attack from T cell lymphocytes

30
Q

Orexin

A

Peptides
Orexin neurone cell bodies found in posterior hypothalamus
–> innervate the brainstem monoamine cell bodies, especially locus coeruleus + raphe nuclei
Stimulate release of ACh, NA, 5HT and DA

31
Q

2 hypothalamic systems involved in maintaining wakefulness

A

Histamine neurones of tuberomammillary nucleus

Orexin neurones of posterior thalamus

32
Q

Sleep onset

A

Signals from preoptic nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibit histamine and orexin neurones
Stops excitatory drive to monoamine neurones of reticular formation of pons and midbrain, which are necessary for cortical arousal

33
Q

Dopaminergic cells

A

Ventral tegmental area

34
Q

Cholinergic cells

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus

35
Q

Noradrenergic cells

A

Locus coeruleus

36
Q

Serotoninergic cells

A

Raphe nuclei

37
Q

2 Cholinergic systems

A

Cholinergic cells in pedunculopontine nucleus project to thalamus
Cholinergic neurones in basal forebrain nucleus send cholinergic axons to all parts of cerebral cortex

38
Q

Cholinergic neurones + Alzheimer’s

A

Cholinergic neurone systems damaged in Alzheimer’s

Majority of Alzheimer’s patients also have sleep disorders

39
Q

Noradrenaline + serotonin neurones

A

Decrease activity during sleep

40
Q

Noradrenaline system

A

Noradrenergic neurones drop to low activity in sleep

Alertness + attention

41
Q

ACh system

A

ACh activity low during SW sleep
During REM sleep activity in cholinergic neurones increases near waking levels
ACh enables thalamus + cortex to operate in same way during normal alert waking and REM sleep

42
Q

Serotonin system

A

REM- serotonin neurones completely stop + stay at 0

Maintain connection between UMN and LMN –> so if asleep, not maintained

43
Q

REM sleep function

A

Memory consolidation- Long term memory
Removing junk + defragmenting memories
Coping with life’s stress

44
Q

SSRIs

A

Serotonin release in brain ceases during REM sleep
Reduce duration of REM sleep
Increase sleep onset latency
Decrease in sleep efficiency

45
Q

TCAs

A

Promote sleep

Exert prominent blockade of H1 receptors

46
Q

MOAIs

A

Reduce sleep- increase NA, DA and 5HT levels

47
Q

Insomnia treatment

A 
Lifestyle changes
CBT
Antihistamines
Benzodiazepines
Zopiclone
48
Q

Sleep Apnoea

A

Stop breathing when start dreaming
Muscles of throat relax too much, and obstruct airway
Build up of CO2

49
Q

SIDS

A

Mainly happen when baby asleep

Respiratory system not woken by rise in CO2 caused by the apnoea because immaturity of system

BB CC (29 decks)

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