Drug dependance

Question 1

Drug abuse

Answer 1

Pattern of drug use in which users consume substance in amounts or using methods which are directly or indirectly harmful to themselves or others

Question 2

Drug dependence

Answer 2

An adaptive state that develops after repeated drug use and which results in withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of drug use

Question 3

Drug tolerance

Answer 3

Diminishing effect of a drug which results after repeated administration at a set dose

Question 4

Psychological dependence

Answer 4

Dependence that involves emotional-motivational withdrawal symptoms

Question 5

Physical dependence

Answer 5

Dependence that involves significant physical-somatic withdrawal symptoms

Question 6

Class A drug

Answer 6

Heroin
Methadone
Cocaine
Ecstasy
LSD

Question 7

Class B drug

Answer 7

Amphetamines
Ketamine
Codeine
Cannabis

Question 8

Class C drug

Answer 8

Anabolic steroids

Benzodiazepines

Question 9

Opiates target

Answer 9

Mu and delta opioid receptors

Question 10

Cocaine targets

Answer 10

DA, NAd and 5HT uptake systems

Question 11

Amphetamine targets

Answer 11

Monoaminergic transmission uptake systems

TAAR1 agonist

Question 12

Ethanol targets

Answer 12

GABAa and NMDA receptors

Question 13

Nicotine targets

Answer 13

Nicotinic receptors

Question 14

Cannabinoids target

Answer 14

CB1 receptors

Question 15

Ketamine targets

Answer 15

NMDA glutamate receptors

Question 16

Hallucinogens target

Answer 16

5HT2a receptors

Question 17

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines target

Answer 17

GABAa receptors

Question 18

Genes of addiction

Answer 18

OPRM1

SLC6A3

Question 19

Reward circuit- dopaminergic

Answer 19

Dopaminergic projection from ventral tegmental area –> nucleus accumbens

Question 20

Withdrawal mechanisms

Answer 20

Drugs of abuse can up-regulate the opioid peptide dynorphin

Activation of kappa opioid receptors can trigger dysphoria, by reducing dopamine release

Question 21

Addicts- dopamine receptors + cerebral metabolism

Answer 21

Reduced availability D2 receptors + reduced metabolism

Question 22

Core clinical symptoms of addiction

Answer 22

Intoxication
Bingeing
Withdrawal
Craving

Question 23

Acute alcohol ingestion

Answer 23

Depressed excitatory transmission + potentiated inhibitory transmission

Question 24

Grey matter in alcoholics

Answer 24

Shrinkage

Question 25

MDMA cellular targets

Answer 25

5-HT uptake system
Dopamine uptake system
5-HT2 receptors
H2 histamine receptors
α2 adrenergic receptors

Question 26

Acute MDMA toxicity

Answer 26

Temperature elevation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Rhabdomyolysis (blocked by dantrolene)
Increased renal reabsorbtion of water
Hyponatraemia
Cerebral oedema

Question 27

Cannabinoids

Answer 27

Bind to CB1 + CB2 receptors
CB1- concentrated in CNS
CB2- peripheral organs + associated with immune system
Mainly inhibitory effects- medium spiny neurones, pyramidal cells

Question 28

Disulfiram

Answer 28

Allows build up of toxic breakdown product of acetaldehyde

Used for alcoholics