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vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main inputs in the vestibular system

A

visual
proprioceptive
and vestibular information

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2
Q

what is the vestibular system

A

system that allows us to keep balance/ corporate balance e.g posture

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3
Q

what are the outputs of vestibular system

A

mainly reflexes to maintain stable posture and stable gaze

e.g ocular reflex and postural control

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4
Q

what is role of cns

A

integrates information and generates responses

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5
Q

where is vestibular organ found

A

posterior area in inner ear

contain hair cells

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6
Q

where are utricle and saccule located

A

in vestibule
are joined by conduit
saccule is also joined to cochlea

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7
Q

what are the 3 semicircular canals on each ear

A

anterior
posterior
lateral
semicircular canals have ampulla on one side and connected to utricle

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8
Q

why are the planes for the anterior and posterior canals important

A

determine which structure will be stimulated with specific head movement

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9
Q

what are vestibular hair cells called

A

kinocilium - biggest cilium

stereocilia - hairs on hair cells

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10
Q

what is role of cilia

A

allows cells to depolarise cell with movement of endolymph generated by head movements

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11
Q

what are the organs in vestibular system

A

3 semicircular canals and otoliths: utricle and saccule

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12
Q

why are utricle and saccule called otolith organs

A

contain otoliths(crystals)
cells are located on maculae
- placed horizontally in utricle
- placed vertically in saccule

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13
Q

what do the maculae contain

A

hair cells, gelatinous matrix and otoliths

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14
Q

what are otoliths

A

carbonate crystals that help deflection of hairs

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15
Q

what can be found in canals

A

hair cells located in ampulla

rest of canal has liquid high in potassium called endolymph

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16
Q

what do ampulla has

A

crista, where hair cells are located

cells are surrounded by cupula which help hair cell movement

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17
Q

what is orientation of canals in head

A

anterior and posterior canals form 90” angle

lateral canals are horizontal to other canals

18
Q

where are primary afferents end

A

in vestibular nuclei and in cerebellum

19
Q

where do vestibular nuclei have projections to

A

spinal cord - for postural movement
nuclei of extraocular muscle - for eye movement
cerebellum
centres for cardiovasc and resp control

20
Q

what is the main processing centre for vestibular system

A

in parietal lobe - parieto- insular vestibular cortex

21
Q

what are the vestibular system functions

A
  • detect and inform about head movements
  • keep images fixed in retina during head movements
  • postural control
22
Q

explain hair cell potentials

A

have resting potential - have basal discharge to nerve
hairs moving towards kinocilium generates depolarisation and increase in nerve discharge
hairs moving away - generates hyperpolarisation and reduction in nerve discharge

23
Q

what movements is utricle sensitive to

A

horizontal

24
Q

what movements is saccule sensitive to

A

vertical

25
Q

how do circular canals work

A

angular acceleration
cupulla moves and displaces hair cells
output signal on 8th nerve is velocity

26
Q

what is the vestibulo ocular reflex

A

keeps images fixed in retina
connections between vestibular nuclei and oculomotor nuclei
- eye movement is opposite direction to head movement, but same velocity and amplitude

27
Q

what is the vestibulo spinal reflex

A

postural control - avoidance of falls and compensatory body movement according to head position
motor neurones to limb muscles - lateral tract
motor neurons to neck and back muscles - medial tract

28
Q

how to carry out assessment of vestibular system

A 
anamesis - history
posture and gait
cerebellar function
eye movements
vestibular tests
ct,mri
symptoms and impact assessment
29
Q

what are some vestibular tests that can be carried out

A

caloric test
video head impulse test
vestibular evoked myogenic potential
rotational test

30
Q

what is the main symptoms of balance disorder

A

dizziness and vertigo(spinning)

31
Q

how can balance disorders be categorised

A

location of affected structure

evolution of signs and symptoms

32
Q

what is a peripheral vestibular disorder

A

labyrinth and/or 8th nerve disorder

33
Q

what are some examples of peripheral vestibular disorders

more common

A

vestibular neuritis
benign positional vertigo bppv
menieres disease
unilateral/bilateral vestibular hypofunction

34
Q

what are central nerve disorders

A

anything involving brainstem and upwards

35
Q

what are some examples of central vestibular disorders

A

stroke
ms
tumours

36
Q

what is bppv

A

abnormal presence of otolith crystals in canals

37
Q

what is menieres disease

A

affects both hearing and vestibular - problem with absorption of endolymph

38
Q

what are acute balance disorders

A

vestibular neuritis

stroke

39
Q

intermittent balance disorders

A

bppv

40
Q

recurrent balance disorders

A

menieres disease

migraine

41
Q

progressive balance disorders

A

schwanonnoma vestibular

degenerative conditions e.g ms

brs2 (65 decks)

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