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brs2 > cortical organisation and function - cerebral cortex > Flashcards

cortical organisation and function - cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

covers entire brain
contains grey matter
organised in lobes

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2
Q

what are gyri

A

ridges

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3
Q

what are sulci

A

valleys

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4
Q

what are the layers in the cerebral cortex

A 
molecular layer
external granular layer
external pyramidal layer
internal granular layer
internal pyramidal layer
multiform layer
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5
Q

how many regions is the brain organised into according to brodmann

A

52 regions

based on cytoarchitecture

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6
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A 
regulates and initiates motor function
language
cognitive function e.g planning
attention
memory
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7
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe

A

sensation - touch, pain..
sensory aspects of language
spatial orientation and self perception

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8
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe

A

processing visual information

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9
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe

A

processing auditory info
emotions
memory

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10
Q

what can you find in the limbic lobe

A

amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary body
cingulate gyrus

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11
Q

what is the limbic lobe concerned with

A 
learning
memory
emotion
motivation
reward
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12
Q

where can we find the insular cortex

A

lies deep within lateral fissure

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13
Q

what is insular cortex concerned with

A 
visceral sensations
autonomic control
interoception
auditory processing
visual - vestibular integration
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14
Q

what is grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

approx 85 bill of each

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15
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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16
Q

what are white matter tracts

A

they connect cortical areas either within same hemisphere or diff hemispheres

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of white matter tracts

A

association fibres
commisural fibres
projection fibres

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18
Q

what are association fibres

A

connect areas within the same hemispheres

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19
Q

what are commissural fibres

A

connect homologous structures in left and right hemisphere

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20
Q

what are projection fibres

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures e.g thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

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21
Q

what is the superior longitudinal fasiculus

A

connects frontal and occipital lobes

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22
Q

what is the arcuate fasiculus

A

connects frontal and temporal lobes

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23
Q

what is the inferior longitudinal fasiculus

A

connects temporal and occipital lobes

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24
Q

what is the small uncinate fasiculus

A

connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes

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25
Q

what are the commissural fibres

A

corpus callosum

anterior commissure

26
Q

what are primary cortices

A

predictable function
organised topographically
symmetry between left and right

27
Q

what is the secondary/association cortices

A

less predictable function
not organised topographically
left- right symmetry weak/absent

28
Q

what are some motor areas found in frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex
supplementary area
premotor area

29
Q

what is the role of primary motor cortex

A

controls fine,discrete,precise voluntary movements e.g dextrous movements
provides descending signals to execute movements

30
Q

what is the supplementary area

A

involved in planning complex movements e.g internally cued e.g speech

31
Q

what is the premotor area

A

involved in planning movements e.g externally cued e.g picking up an object

32
Q

what are the areas found int he parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex

and somatosensory association

33
Q

what is the role of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in body

34
Q

what are some of the sensations that can be delivered to primary somatosensory cortex

A 
fine touch
vibration
proprioception
pain
temp
2 point discrimination
35
Q

what is role of somatosensory association

A

interpret significance of sensory info e.g recognising object
awareness of self and personal space

36
Q

what are the occipital lobe areas

A

primary visual and visual association

37
Q

what is role of primary visual cortex

A

processes visual stimuli

38
Q

what is role of visual association

A

gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

39
Q

what are areas in temporal lobe

A

primary auditory

auditory association

40
Q

what is role of primary auditory cortex

A

processes auditory stimuli

41
Q

what is role of auditory association

A

gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

42
Q

what are some other association areas

A

prefrontal cortex
brocas area
wernickes area

43
Q

what is role of brocas area

A

production of language

44
Q

what is wernickes area

A

area where understanding of language takes place

45
Q

what is role of prefrontal cortex

A 
attention
adjusting social behaviour
planning
personality expression
decision making
46
Q

what can frontal lobe lesions cause

A

changes in personality

inappropriate behaviour

47
Q

what can parietal lobe lesions cause

A

contralateral neglect
lack of self awareness
lack of extrapersonal space

48
Q

what can temporal lobe lesions

A

leads to agnosia - inability to recognise

could lead to anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories

49
Q

what can lesion to brocas area cause

A

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech

comprehension intact

50
Q

what can lesions to wernickes area cause

A

recptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech

production is fine

51
Q

what can lesion to primary visual cortex cause

A

blindness in corresponding part of visual field

52
Q

what can lesion to visual association cause

A

deficits in interpretation of visual info

e.g prosopagnosia: inability to recognise/learn new faces

53
Q

what can we use a pet scan to see

A

blood flow directly to brain region

54
Q

what can we use a fMRI for

A

to see amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

55
Q

what can we use an eeg for

A

measures electrical signals produces by brain

56
Q

what is an eeg

A

electroencephalography

57
Q

what is an meg

A

magnetoencephalography

58
Q

what can we use an meg for

A

measures magnetic signals produced by brain

59
Q

what can we use trancranial magnetic stimulation for

A

assess functional integrity of neural circuits

uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons

60
Q

what is transcranial direct current stimulation

A

uses low current over scalp to increase/decrease neuronal firing rates

61
Q

what is a diffusion tension imaging (dti)

A

based on diffusion of water molecules

62
Q

what is dti with tractography

A

3d reconstruction to assess neural tracts

brs2 (65 decks)

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