cortical organisation and function - cerebral cortex

Question 1

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 1

covers entire brain
contains grey matter
organised in lobes

Question 2

what are gyri

Answer 2

ridges

Question 3

what are sulci

Answer 3

valleys

Question 4

what are the layers in the cerebral cortex

Answer 4

molecular layer
external granular layer
external pyramidal layer
internal granular layer
internal pyramidal layer
multiform layer

Question 5

how many regions is the brain organised into according to brodmann

Answer 5

52 regions

based on cytoarchitecture

Question 6

what is the function of the frontal lobe

Answer 6

regulates and initiates motor function
language
cognitive function e.g planning
attention
memory

Question 7

what is the function of the parietal lobe

Answer 7

sensation - touch, pain..
sensory aspects of language
spatial orientation and self perception

Question 8

what is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 8

processing visual information

Question 9

what is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 9

processing auditory info
emotions
memory

Question 10

what can you find in the limbic lobe

Answer 10

amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary body
cingulate gyrus

Question 11

what is the limbic lobe concerned with

Answer 11

learning
memory
emotion
motivation
reward

Question 12

where can we find the insular cortex

Answer 12

lies deep within lateral fissure

Question 13

what is insular cortex concerned with

Answer 13

visceral sensations
autonomic control
interoception
auditory processing
visual - vestibular integration

Question 14

what is grey matter

Answer 14

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

approx 85 bill of each

Question 15

what is white matter

Answer 15

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

Question 16

what are white matter tracts

Answer 16

they connect cortical areas either within same hemisphere or diff hemispheres

Question 17

what are the 3 types of white matter tracts

Answer 17

association fibres
commisural fibres
projection fibres

Question 18

what are association fibres

Answer 18

connect areas within the same hemispheres

Question 19

what are commissural fibres

Answer 19

connect homologous structures in left and right hemisphere

Question 20

what are projection fibres

Answer 20

connect cortex with lower brain structures e.g thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord

Question 21

what is the superior longitudinal fasiculus

Answer 21

connects frontal and occipital lobes

Question 22

what is the arcuate fasiculus

Answer 22

connects frontal and temporal lobes

Question 23

what is the inferior longitudinal fasiculus

Answer 23

connects temporal and occipital lobes

Question 24

what is the small uncinate fasiculus

Answer 24

connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes

Question 25

what are the commissural fibres

Answer 25

corpus callosum | anterior commissure

Question 26

what are primary cortices

Answer 26

predictable function organised topographically symmetry between left and right

Question 27

what is the secondary/association cortices

Answer 27

less predictable function not organised topographically left- right symmetry weak/absent

Question 28

what are some motor areas found in frontal lobe

Answer 28

primary motor cortex supplementary area premotor area

Question 29

what is the role of primary motor cortex

Answer 29

controls fine,discrete,precise voluntary movements e.g dextrous movements provides descending signals to execute movements

Question 30

what is the supplementary area

Answer 30

involved in planning complex movements e.g internally cued e.g speech

Question 31

what is the premotor area

Answer 31

involved in planning movements e.g externally cued e.g picking up an object

Question 32

what are the areas found int he parietal lobe

Answer 32

primary somatosensory cortex | and somatosensory association

Question 33

what is the role of the primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 33

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in body

Question 34

what are some of the sensations that can be delivered to primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 34

``` fine touch vibration proprioception pain temp 2 point discrimination ```

Question 35

what is role of somatosensory association

Answer 35

interpret significance of sensory info e.g recognising object awareness of self and personal space

Question 36

what are the occipital lobe areas

Answer 36

primary visual and visual association

Question 37

what is role of primary visual cortex

Answer 37

processes visual stimuli

Question 38

what is role of visual association

Answer 38

gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

Question 39

what are areas in temporal lobe

Answer 39

primary auditory | auditory association

Question 40

what is role of primary auditory cortex

Answer 40

processes auditory stimuli

Question 41

what is role of auditory association

Answer 41

gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

Question 42

what are some other association areas

Answer 42

prefrontal cortex brocas area wernickes area

Question 43

what is role of brocas area

Answer 43

production of language

Question 44

what is wernickes area

Answer 44

area where understanding of language takes place

Question 45

what is role of prefrontal cortex

Answer 45

``` attention adjusting social behaviour planning personality expression decision making ```

Question 46

what can frontal lobe lesions cause

Answer 46

changes in personality | inappropriate behaviour

Question 47

what can parietal lobe lesions cause

Answer 47

contralateral neglect lack of self awareness lack of extrapersonal space

Question 48

what can temporal lobe lesions

Answer 48

leads to agnosia - inability to recognise could lead to anterograde amnesia - cannot form new memories

Question 49

what can lesion to brocas area cause

Answer 49

expressive aphasia - poor production of speech | comprehension intact

Question 50

what can lesions to wernickes area cause

Answer 50

recptive aphasia - poor comprehension of speech | production is fine

Question 51

what can lesion to primary visual cortex cause

Answer 51

blindness in corresponding part of visual field

Question 52

what can lesion to visual association cause

Answer 52

deficits in interpretation of visual info | e.g prosopagnosia: inability to recognise/learn new faces

Question 53

what can we use a pet scan to see

Answer 53

blood flow directly to brain region

Question 54

what can we use a fMRI for

Answer 54

to see amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

Question 55

what can we use an eeg for

Answer 55

measures electrical signals produces by brain

Question 56

what is an eeg

Answer 56

electroencephalography

Question 57

what is an meg

Answer 57

magnetoencephalography

Question 58

what can we use an meg for

Answer 58

measures magnetic signals produced by brain

Question 59

what can we use trancranial magnetic stimulation for

Answer 59

assess functional integrity of neural circuits | uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons

Question 60

what is transcranial direct current stimulation

Answer 60

uses low current over scalp to increase/decrease neuronal firing rates

Question 61

what is a diffusion tension imaging (dti)

Answer 61

based on diffusion of water molecules

Question 62

what is dti with tractography

Answer 62

3d reconstruction to assess neural tracts