mood disorders

Question 1

what are mood/affective disorders based on icd10

Answer 1

where fundamental disturbance is change in affect/ mood to depression (with/without anxiety) or to elation.
most these disorders tend ti be recurrent and onset of individual episodes can often be related to stressful events/situations

Question 2

dsm5 criteria for depressive episode

Answer 2

occurrence of 2/more weeks of depressed mood and presence of 4/more of following:
- sleep alterations
- appetite alterations
-diminished interest/anhedonia
- low energy
- guilt
suicidal thoughts
- psychomotor changes

Question 3

what is major depressive disorder?

Answer 3

if no manic/hypomanic episodes in past are identified, then diagnosis of current major depressive episode leads to longitudinal diagnosis of mdd

Question 4

what are the 3 subtypes in dsm5 for mdd

Answer 4

• atypical features - increased sleep and appetite with heightened mood reactivity
• melancholic features - no mood reactivity, along with marked psychomotor retardation and anhedonia
• psychotic features - presence of delusions/hallucinations

Question 5

typical cycle in low mood

Answer 5

impulsive behaviours
increased activity
elation and excitement
increased energy

Question 6

dsm5 criteria for manic episodes

Answer 6

euphoric/irritable mood with 3/more of following:

• decreased need for sleep with increased energy
• distractibility
• grandiosity/inflated self esteem
• increased talkativeness/ pressured speech
• increased goal directed activities/psychomotor agitation
• impulsive behaviour

Question 7

what is bipolar 1

Answer 7

if symptoms of mania persist for minimum 1 week with notable functional impairment, manic episode is diagnosed

Question 8

what is a hypomanic episode

Answer 8

if manic symptoms are present for min 4 days but without notable functional impairment

Question 9

what is bipolar 2

Answer 9

only hypomanic episodes present, no manic episodes, along with at least 1 major depressive episode

Question 10

what is unspecified bipolar disorder

Answer 10

if manic symptoms occur for less than 4 days/ if other thresholds are not met for manic/hypomanic episodes

Question 11

why is a fMRI useful for neurofunctional abnormalities?

Answer 11

works by detecting changes in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity
- when brain area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increases

Question 12

what is the amygdala

Answer 12

medial temporal lobe region involved in perception and encoding of stimuli

Question 13

what does ssri stand for

Answer 13

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 14

what is another name for serotonin

Answer 14

5ht - 5 hydroxytryptamine

Question 15

what is the monoamine hypothesis

Answer 15

postulates that depressive symptoms arise from insufficient levels of monoamine neurotransmitters: serotonin, norepinephrine and/or dopamine