vascular endothelium Flashcards

1
Q

what % of all endothelial cells reside within vasculature

A

98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the basic structure of blood vessels

A

3 layers
tunica adventitia: vasa vasorum, nerves
tunica media: smooth muscle cells
tunica intima: endothelium, basement membrane, lamina propria and internal elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are capillaries and venules

A

endothelium supported by mural cells (pericytes) and basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what takes place in the capillaries

A

where exchanges of nutrients and oxygen between blood and tissues occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is another function of microvascular endothelium

A

promotes tissue haemostasis

damage to endothelium can cause organ dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is required for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and organ regeneration

A

angiocrine factors in microvascular endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why does dysfunctional endothelium contribute to disease more than any other organ

A
contribute to components of:
ischaemia
chronic inflammatory diseases
cancer
diabetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

basic function of endothelium

A

acts as vital barrier separating blood from tissues
very extensive surface area
endothelial cells are very flat 1-2ym thick
formed by monolayer of endothelial cells
cells regulate essential functions of blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the multiple functions of blood vessels and tissues that endothelium controls

A
tissue homeostasis and regeneration
permeability
vascular tone
angiogenesis
inflammation
haemostasis and thrombosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is meant by endothelial cells are hetergenous

A

their function and phenotype depends on their location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens in resting endothelium

haemostasis

A

anti inflammatory, anti thrombotic, anti proliferative is balanced with pro inflammatory, pro thrombotic, pro angiogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes endothelium to be activated

risk factors:

A
inflammation - proinflammatory cytokines
hypercholesterolaemia
sex hormonal imbalance
ageing
mechanical stress
viruses
smoking
oxLDL 
high bp
high glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does activated endothelium initially cause over time

A
thrombosis
senescence - stress
permeability
leukocyte recruitment
ALL these factors lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how does fatty-streak formation occur in atherosclerosis

A
smooth muscle migration
foam cell formation
t cell activation
adherence and aggregation of platelets
adherence and entry of leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how is advanced complicated lesion of atherosclerosis formed

A

macrophage accumulation
formation of necrotic core
fibrous cap formation
angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where do leukocytes gets stuck after endothelial activation

A

in sub endothelial space

they then differentiate into macrophages and become foam cells

17
Q

what does increased membrane permeability cause

A

leakage of plasma proteins through junctions into subendothelial space

18
Q

why do atherosclerotic plaques occur preferentially at birfurcations and curvatures of vascular tree

A

flow patterns and haemodynamic forces are not uniform in vascular system and irregular distribution of low wall sheer stress

19
Q

what does laminar blood flow promote

A

anti thrombotic, anti inflammatory factors
endothelial survival
inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation
nitric oxide production

20
Q

what does disturbed blood flow promote

A

thrombosis, inflammation (leukocyte adhesion)
endothelial apoptosis
smc proliferation
loss of nitric oxide production

21
Q

what are some of the protective effects nitric oxide has on vascular endothelium

A
reduces oxidation of ldl cholesterol
dilates blood vessels
reduces platelet activation
inhibits monocyte adhesion
reduces proliferation of smc in vessel wall
reduces release of superoxide radical
22
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from existing vessels

23
Q

what is angiogenesis essential for

A

embryonic development
wound healing
menstrual cycle

24
Q

how does angiogenesis lead to atherosclerosis

A

promotes plaque growth

25
when can angiogenesis be useful in cvd
therapeutic angiogenesis prevents damage post -ischaemia
26
what is thromboinflammation
loss of normal antithrombotic and anti imflammatory functions of endothelial cells causing thrombosis with associated inflammation
27
what is link between covid 19 and endothelium
``` covid 19 causes endothelial cell dysfunction: bleeding/dysfunction inflammation permeability/barrier vascular tone redox balance ```
28
what are the sequence of events in cov2 infection and endothelial cells that leads to severe cov2
infection cytokine storm endothelial activation procoagulant switch
29
what is another possible mechanisms of cov2 on endothelium
cov2 enters endothelial cell and causes direct damage
30
what processes cause early development of atherosclerotic plaques
endothelial activation permeability leukocyte adhesion
31
physiologically in which vessels does leukocyte transmigration occur
post capillary venules
32
where do majority of endothelial cells occur
capillaries