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brs2 > Electrocardiography and rhythm disorders > Flashcards

Electrocardiography and rhythm disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the clinical relevance of ecg

A

conduction abnormalities
structural abnormalities
perfusion abnormalities

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2
Q

what are some advantages of ecgs

A

relatively cheap and easy to undertake
reproducible between people and centres
quick and can give results over period of time

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3
Q

what are the sticky tabs called

A

electrodes

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4
Q

what are leads?

A

conceptual views - 12 leads

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5
Q

how many cables/wires are used in an ecg

A

10

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6
Q

what do downwards deflections show

A

going towards negative electrode

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7
Q

what do upwards deflections show

A

electrical activity is going towards positive electrode

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8
Q

what does a flat line on ecg show

A

electrical activity is 90 degrees/perpendicular to angle of lead = isoelectric

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9
Q

what does the steepness of the lines denote

A

velocity of action potential

= faster wave of excitation

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10
Q

what does width of deflection show

A

duration of the event

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11
Q

what does the p wave represent

A

electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the atria = atrial systole

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12
Q

what does qrs complex represent

A

electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the ventricles - ventricular systole

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13
Q

what does t wave represent

A

electrical signal signifies relaxation of ventricles

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14
Q

what does p wave on lead 2 do

A

shows action of sinoatrial node -
autorhythmic myocytes
atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

what does neg q wave on lead 2 show

A

septal depolarisation

negative - because some signals escape

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16
Q

what does r wave show on lead 2

A

ventricular depolarisation via purkinje fibres

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17
Q

what does neg s wave show

A

late ventricular depolarisation

heads in opposite direction

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18
Q

what does t wave on lead 2 show

A

ventricular repolarisation

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19
Q

where is placement of electrodes on lead 1

A

right arm to right leg

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20
Q

placement of electrodes on lead 2

A

right arm to left left

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21
Q

placement of electrodes on lead 3

A

left arm to left leg

22
Q

how many chest electrodes are there?

A

6

23
Q

where does v1 get placed

A

right sternal border in 4th intercostal space

24
Q

where does v2 get placed

A

left sternal border in 4th intercostal space

25
Q

where does v3 get placed

A

halfway between v2 and v4

26
Q

where does v4 get placed

A

mid clavicular line in 5th intercostal space

27
Q

where does v5 get placed

A

anterior axillary line at level of v4

28
Q

where does v6 get placed

A

mid axillary line at level of v4

29
Q

what information is given on ecgs

A 
space for :
name 
age 
dob
where ecg taken
rate of paper
12 leads
30
Q

what is rate of paper always

A

25mm/s

31
Q

amplitude/voltage

A

10mm/mv

32
Q

how much is little and small square worth in time

A

big square = 0.2s

small square = 0.04s

33
Q

which leads correlate with left circumflex artery

A

lead 1

aVL

34
Q

which leads correlate with right coronary artery

A

lead 2
lead 3
aVf

35
Q

which leads correlate to left anterior descending artery

A

v1,
v2
v3
v4

36
Q

what is the ecg reporting procedure

A 
rate and rhythm
p wave and pr interval
qrs duration
qrs axis
st segment
(qt interval
t wave)
37
Q

what must you check before reading ecg

A

is it correct reading - matches patient?
review signal quality and leads
verify voltage and paper speed
review patient background if available

38
Q

what is sinus rhythm

A

basic rhythm
each p wave is followed by qrs wave
rate is regular annd normal hr 60-100bpm

39
Q

what is sinus bradycardia

A

each p wave followed by qrs complex
rate is regular but slow <60bom
can be healthy but caused by med/vgal stimulation

40
Q

what is sinus tachycardia

A

each p wave is foloowed by qrs complex
rate is regular but fast >100
often due to physiological response

41
Q

what is sinus arrythmia

A

each p wave followed by qrs complex
irregular rate
r-r interval varies with breathing cycle

42
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

oscillating baseline
rhythm can be irregular and rate can be slow
turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk

43
Q

what is atrial flutter

A

regular saw tooth pattern in baseline - 2,3 and avf

atria: ventricular beats is 2:1/3:1 ratio
* saw tooth not always visible

44
Q

what is a first degree heart block

A

prolonged pr segment - caused by slower av conduction
regular rhythm
progressive disease of ageing

45
Q

what is second degree heart block - mobitz 1

aka Wenckebach

A

gradual prolongation of pr interval until beat skipped

some p waves not followed by qrs

46
Q

what is second degree mobitz 2

A

p waves are regular but only sum followed by qrs
no pr prolongation
regularly irregular
can rapidly deteriorate to 3rd degree block

47
Q

what is a third degree heart block/complete block

A 
p waves are regular,
qrs are regular but no relationship
dissociation of sa nodes to ventricles
p waves hidden within bigger factors
truly non sinus rhythm - pacemaker in action
48
Q

what is ventricular tachycardia

A

p waves hidden - dissociated atrial rhythm
rate is regular and fast
high risk of deteriorating into fibrillation
shockable rhythm

49
Q

what is ventricular fibrillation

A

heart rate is irregular 250bpm and above
heart is unable to generate output
shockable rhythm

50
Q

what is st elevation

A

p waves are visible and always followed by qrs
rhythm is regular and rate is normal - 85bpm
st egment elevated - 2mm above isoelectric line
caused by infarction - tissue death caused by hypoperfusion

51
Q

st depression

A

p waves are visible and always followed by qrs
rhythm is regular and rate is normal - 95bpm
st egment depressed - 2mm below isoelectric line
caused by myocardial ischaemia - coronary insufficiency

brs2 (65 decks)

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