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Electrocardiography and rhythm disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the clinical relevance of ecg

A

conduction abnormalities
structural abnormalities
perfusion abnormalities

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2
Q

what are some advantages of ecgs

A

relatively cheap and easy to undertake
reproducible between people and centres
quick and can give results over period of time

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3
Q

what are the sticky tabs called

A

electrodes

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4
Q

what are leads?

A

conceptual views - 12 leads

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5
Q

how many cables/wires are used in an ecg

A

10

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6
Q

what do downwards deflections show

A

going towards negative electrode

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7
Q

what do upwards deflections show

A

electrical activity is going towards positive electrode

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8
Q

what does a flat line on ecg show

A

electrical activity is 90 degrees/perpendicular to angle of lead = isoelectric

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9
Q

what does the steepness of the lines denote

A

velocity of action potential

= faster wave of excitation

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10
Q

what does width of deflection show

A

duration of the event

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11
Q

what does the p wave represent

A

electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the atria = atrial systole

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12
Q

what does qrs complex represent

A

electrical signal that stimulates contraction of the ventricles - ventricular systole

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13
Q

what does t wave represent

A

electrical signal signifies relaxation of ventricles

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14
Q

what does p wave on lead 2 do

A

shows action of sinoatrial node -
autorhythmic myocytes
atrial depolarisation

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15
Q

what does neg q wave on lead 2 show

A

septal depolarisation

negative - because some signals escape

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16
Q

what does r wave show on lead 2

A

ventricular depolarisation via purkinje fibres

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17
Q

what does neg s wave show

A

late ventricular depolarisation

heads in opposite direction

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18
Q

what does t wave on lead 2 show

A

ventricular repolarisation

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19
Q

where is placement of electrodes on lead 1

A

right arm to right leg

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20
Q

placement of electrodes on lead 2

A

right arm to left left

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21
Q

placement of electrodes on lead 3

A

left arm to left leg

22
Q

how many chest electrodes are there?

23
Q

where does v1 get placed

A

right sternal border in 4th intercostal space

24
Q

where does v2 get placed

A

left sternal border in 4th intercostal space

25
where does v3 get placed
halfway between v2 and v4
26
where does v4 get placed
mid clavicular line in 5th intercostal space
27
where does v5 get placed
anterior axillary line at level of v4
28
where does v6 get placed
mid axillary line at level of v4
29
what information is given on ecgs
``` space for : name age dob where ecg taken rate of paper 12 leads ```
30
what is rate of paper always
25mm/s
31
amplitude/voltage
10mm/mv
32
how much is little and small square worth in time
big square = 0.2s | small square = 0.04s
33
which leads correlate with left circumflex artery
lead 1 | aVL
34
which leads correlate with right coronary artery
lead 2 lead 3 aVf
35
which leads correlate to left anterior descending artery
v1, v2 v3 v4
36
what is the ecg reporting procedure
``` rate and rhythm p wave and pr interval qrs duration qrs axis st segment (qt interval t wave) ```
37
what must you check before reading ecg
is it correct reading - matches patient? review signal quality and leads verify voltage and paper speed review patient background if available
38
what is sinus rhythm
basic rhythm each p wave is followed by qrs wave rate is regular annd normal hr 60-100bpm
39
what is sinus bradycardia
each p wave followed by qrs complex rate is regular but slow <60bom can be healthy but caused by med/vgal stimulation
40
what is sinus tachycardia
each p wave is foloowed by qrs complex rate is regular but fast >100 often due to physiological response
41
what is sinus arrythmia
each p wave followed by qrs complex irregular rate r-r interval varies with breathing cycle
42
what is atrial fibrillation
oscillating baseline rhythm can be irregular and rate can be slow turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk
43
what is atrial flutter
regular saw tooth pattern in baseline - 2,3 and avf atria: ventricular beats is 2:1/3:1 ratio * saw tooth not always visible
44
what is a first degree heart block
prolonged pr segment - caused by slower av conduction regular rhythm progressive disease of ageing
45
what is second degree heart block - mobitz 1 | aka Wenckebach
gradual prolongation of pr interval until beat skipped | some p waves not followed by qrs
46
what is second degree mobitz 2
p waves are regular but only sum followed by qrs no pr prolongation regularly irregular can rapidly deteriorate to 3rd degree block
47
what is a third degree heart block/complete block
``` p waves are regular, qrs are regular but no relationship dissociation of sa nodes to ventricles p waves hidden within bigger factors truly non sinus rhythm - pacemaker in action ```
48
what is ventricular tachycardia
p waves hidden - dissociated atrial rhythm rate is regular and fast high risk of deteriorating into fibrillation shockable rhythm
49
what is ventricular fibrillation
heart rate is irregular 250bpm and above heart is unable to generate output shockable rhythm
50
what is st elevation
p waves are visible and always followed by qrs rhythm is regular and rate is normal - 85bpm st egment elevated - 2mm above isoelectric line caused by infarction - tissue death caused by hypoperfusion
51
st depression
p waves are visible and always followed by qrs rhythm is regular and rate is normal - 95bpm st egment depressed - 2mm below isoelectric line caused by myocardial ischaemia - coronary insufficiency

brs2 (65 decks)

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