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Forensic Osteology > Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

How many elements is a typical vertebral column composed of?

A

33

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2
Q

How many elements of the vertebral column are separate?

A

24

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3
Q

Name the segments of the vertebral column

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
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4
Q

What are the vertebrae divided by?

A

Intervertebral fibrocartilaginous discs (synovial joints)

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5
Q

Name the articular facets

A

2 superior articular facets and 2 inferior articular facets

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6
Q

Do the articular facets change at all as they descend the column?

A

Yes, their morphology changes depending on their position within the columns and produce different movements

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7
Q

Name the primary functions of the vertebral column

A

Transmit body weight
Attachment site for muscles and ligaments
Protect spinal cord

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8
Q

Does the vertebral foramen alter in size at all?

A

Yes it decreases as it descends as there is less spinal cord at the bottom of the spine

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9
Q

If people have a varied number of vertebrae, what segment(s) is this usually in?

A

Lower thoracic and lumbar (10% of people)

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10
Q

What is the vertebral column derived of?

A

Somites

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11
Q

Name the 2 kinds of curvature

A

Primary

Secondary

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12
Q

Describe origin of primary curvature

A

Present at birth (congenital)

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13
Q

Describe origin of secondary curvature

A

Developmental (acquired over time)

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14
Q

How many curvatures does an adult vertebral column have?

A

4 - 2 primary and 2 secondary

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15
Q

What is another name for primary curvature?

A

Kyphotic

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16
Q

What is another name for secondary curvature?

A

Lordotic

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17
Q

What segment(s) are primary curvatures (mainly)

A

Thoracic

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18
Q

What segment(s) are secondary curvatures?

A

Cervical and lumbar

19
Q

What milestones do secondary curvatures develop with?

A

Lifting/supporting own head
Sitting up unsupported
Standing

20
Q

List the features of a ‘typical’ vertebra

A 
Body 
Spinous process
2 transverse processes
Neural arch 
vertebral foramen
Superior and inferior articular facets
21
Q

Describe the formation of the neural arch

A

Neural arch is formed in two parts and is separate from the body
Its formed of the pedicle (attaches body to rest of vertebra) and lamina (attaches transverse and spinous processes)

22
Q

What travels through the vertebral foramen?

A

Spinal cord

23
Q

Where does vertebrae join with each other?

A

Superior and inferior articular facets

24
Q

What is formed when two vertebrae articulate with each other?

A

Intevertebral foramen

25
Q

What does one single vertebra form?

A

Intevertebral notch

26
Q

What travels through the intevertebral foramen?

A

Nerves and blood from vertebral artery

27
Q

What is the ‘cushion’ around the vertebral column called?

A

Intervertrebral discs

28
Q

What is the outer margin of the intervertebral disc composed of?

A

Annulus fibrosus which is a ligament holding the disc in place

29
Q

Is the intervertebral disc vascular?

A

No

30
Q

What ligament runs down the anterior side of the colum from the occipital to the sacrum?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

31
Q

What does the anterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Holds the disc and annulus fibrosus together (can ossify with age)

32
Q

What ligament runs inside the vertebral foramen (posterior side of vertebral bodies)?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

33
Q

What does the posterior longitudinal ligament do?

A

Hold the intevertebral disc in place

34
Q

What ligament runs over the spinous processes and holds them together?

A

interspinal (spinous) ligament

35
Q

What ligament runs down the distal end of the spinous processes and contributes to their knob-like appearance?

A

supraspinal (spinous) ligament

36
Q

What ligament passes between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae?

A

Ligamentum flavum

37
Q

What ligament runs between the transverse processes?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

38
Q

What ligaments hold the superior and inferior articular facets?

A

Facet capsule ligments

39
Q

What joint is present between the vertebrae and ribs?

A

Costovertebral joint

40
Q

What joint is present between the articular processes of neighbouring vertebrae?

A

Zygapophyseal joint

41
Q

What joint is present between vertebral bodies and intervertebral joints allowing for some movement?

A

Amphiarthrodial joint

42
Q

Describe the defect accessory cervical foramina

A

cervical vertebrae usually have one hole on one side but this defect produces two holes (one on either side)

43
Q

Describe abdominal curvatures

A

Can have kyphosis where there should be lordosis
Can have lordosis where there should be kyphosis
Scoliosis where the vertebrae curves in a different plane

44
Q

Describe spinal bifida occulta

A

The protection of the spinal cord is missing in parts

Forensic Osteology (18 decks)

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