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1st year systems > ventilation and compliance > Flashcards

ventilation and compliance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the anatomical dead space volume?

A

150ml

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2
Q

what is the partial pressure

A

the pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is equivalent to the percentage of that particular gas in the entire mixture multiplied by the pressure of the whole gaseous mixture

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3
Q

what is the order of volumes starting with the nearest to the dead space?

A 
residual 
expiratory reserve
tidal
inspiratory reserve
RETI
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4
Q

whats the volume of the anatomical dead space?

A

150ml

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5
Q

what is the anatomical dead space

A

the volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways

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6
Q

is the anatomical dead space gas available for for exchange?

A

no

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7
Q

slide 5, learn those mf lung volumes and capacities

A

rip

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8
Q

what does the term ‘ventilation’ refer to?

A

movement of air in and out lungs

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9
Q

what are the two types of ventilation

A

pulmonary and alveolar ventilation

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10
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

total air movement in and out of lungs

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11
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

fresh air getting to alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange

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12
Q

how much does an average human inhale and exhale?

A

500ml

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13
Q

what happens at the end of expiration

A

dead space filled with stale air from alveoli

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14
Q

what hhappens at end of inspiration?

A

dead space filled with fresh air

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15
Q

what is daltons law?

A

total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressure of the individual gases

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16
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

The pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is equivalent to the percentage of that particular gas in the entire mixture multiplied by the pressure of the whole gaseous mixture

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17
Q

what is pressure expressed in?

A

mmHg or kPa units

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18
Q

what happens to P02 and Pc02 during hyper-ventilation?

A 
Po2 rises (120)
Pc02 falls (20)
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19
Q

what happens to P02 and Pc02 during hypo-ventilation?

A 
P02 falls (30)
Pc02 rises (100)
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20
Q

what is surfactant?

A

detergent like fluid

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21
Q

what produces surfactant

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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22
Q

what is the function of type 1 cells

A

permit gas exchange

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23
Q

what is the function of type 2 cells

A

secrete surfactant fluid

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24
Q

whats the function of surfactatnt

A

Reduces surface tension on alveolar surface membrane thus reducing tendency for alveoli to collapse

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25
Q

when does surface tension occur

A

where ever there is an air-water interface and refers to the attraction between water molecules

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26
Q

whats the definition of compliance

A

change in volume relative to change in pressure

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27
Q

what is high complaince

A

large increase in lung volume for small decrease in ip pressure

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28
Q

true or false

expiration is passive

A

true

29
Q

whats Emphysema

A

loss of elastic tissue means expiration requires effort

30
Q

Fibrosis

A

inert fibrous tissue means effort of inspiration increases

31
Q

true or false

Alveolar ventilation declines with height from base to apex.

A

true

32
Q

does compliance incline or decline with height from base to apex

A

decline

33
Q

whats the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung disease?

A

obstructive - obstruction of air flow especiallion on expiration
restrictive- restriction of lung expansion

34
Q

what is COPD

A

Chronic bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchi

Emphysema -Destruction of the alveoli, loss of elasticity

35
Q

what is spirometry?

A

technique used to measure lung function

36
Q

what are the 2 classes of measurements of lung function

A

static and dynamic

37
Q

what is a static lung function

A

where the only consideration made is the volume exhaled

38
Q

what is the dynamic lung function

A

where the time taken to exhale a certain volume is what is being measured

39
Q

whats a form of restrictive lung disease?

A

pulmonary fibrosis

40
Q

what is the normal volume of alveolar ventilation?

A

4.2 litres

41
Q

when is a person hypoventilating?

A

when they have less than 4.2 alveolar ventilation, quick af breathes

42
Q

when is a person hyperventilatoing

A

when they have more than 4.2 alveolar ventilation, long ass breathes

43
Q

what is the effect of fibrosis?

A

effort of inspiration increases

44
Q

what is the effect of emphysema?

A

expiration requires effort

45
Q

list some restrictive lung diseases? (4)

A

fibrosis
infant respiratory distress syndrome
oedema
pneumothorax

46
Q

what should the volume of force expirated in 1 second in a healthy male?

A

4 litres

47
Q

what should the volume of forced vital capacity in a healthy male?

A

5 litres

48
Q

what is the effect of COPD

A

rate at which air is inhaled is much lower

total expired volume is reduced

49
Q

what is the effect of pulmonary fibrosis

A

absolutew rate of airflow is reduced

total volume is reduced due to limitations to lung expansion

50
Q

why dont type 2 cells permit gas exchange?

A

walls are too thick

51
Q

why is surfacant helpful?

A

reduces attraction of water to eachother and reduces surface tension therefore stops alveoli from collapsing

52
Q

why is surfactant more effective in small alveoli than large?

A

surfactant molecules come closer together and are therefore more concentrated.

53
Q

is pressure greater in smaller or larger alveoli?

A

smaller alveoli

54
Q

why do we want more smaller alveoli?

A

less surface area

55
Q

how do you eqqualise the pressure in alveoli and prevent it from collapsing?

A

surfactant

56
Q

why are babies susceptible to infant rest distress syndrome?

A

surfactant production doesnt start till 25 weeks and is only completed at 36 weeks.

57
Q

whats the term used for the stretchability of the lungs?

A

compliance

58
Q

is high compliance healthy lungs or poor lungs?

A

healthy lungs

59
Q

is low compliance ever good?

A

no

60
Q

what is low compliance

A

small increase in lung volume for large decrease in ip pressure

61
Q

when is high compliance bad?

A

if it doesnt come with high elasticity

62
Q

is volume in the lungs effected by gravity?

A

yes

63
Q

whats an example of obstructive lung disorders

A

COPD

64
Q

what are two types of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis and emphysema

65
Q

what effects do loss of compliance have?

A

lung stiffness and incomplete lung expansion

66
Q

what can spirometer not measure?

A

residual volume

67
Q

is the forced exp volume in 1 second lower in obstructive or restrictive

A

obstructive

68
Q

if you have a normal ratio does it always mean you have healthy lungs?

A

no, it could be restrictive lung disease and could have lower absolute numbers

1st year systems (74 decks)

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