developmental aspects of lung disease Flashcards
what are the stages of lung morphogenesis?
embryonic pseudo glandular canalicular saccualr alveolar
does alveolar separation continues during postnatal lung growth?
yes
what stages of lung development is organogenesis?
embryonic and pseudoglandular
what stages of lung development is differentiation?
canalicular
saccular
alveolar
what happens during organogenesis?
formation of major airways
formation of bronchial tree and portions of respiratory parenchyma
birth of acinus
what happens during canalicular?
last generations of the lung periphery formed
epithelial differentiation
air-blood barrier formed
what happens during saccular?
expansion of air spaces
surfactant detectable in amniotic fluid
what happens during alveolar?
secondary seperation
what is the acinus
resspiratory airways and alveoli
when is the trachea and main bronchus formed?
4-7 gestation, embryonic stage
when is the bronchi and bronchioli formed?
5-17 weeks of gestation
pseudoglandular
when is the respiratory airways formed?
16-27 weeks of gestation
canalicular stage
when is the alveoli formed?
28 weeks
sacular alveoli stage
What are 3 embryonic congenital lung diseases?
tracheal, laryngeal stenosis
pulmonary agenesis
tracheo-oesophageal fistula
What is tracheal, laryngeal stenosis
narrowing of the airway
what is pulmonary agenesis
complete absence of the lung parenchyma, bronchus and lung vasculature.
What is tracheo-oesophageal fistula
abnormal connection in one or more places between the esophagus and the trachea Normally, the esophagus and the trachea are two separate tubes that are not connected.
what are common pseudo glandular congenital diseases?
pulmonary sequestration
cystadenomatoid malformation
cyst formation
when does the diaphragm close
18 week
what are diaphragmatic abnormalities
Diaphragmatic hernia
what is eventration
protrusion of contents of the abdomen through a defect or weakness in the abdominal wall.
what are the functional changes in lung at birth?
Change from fluid secretion to fluid absorption
Pulmonary vasodilatation
which type of pneumocytes secrete surfactant?
type 2
what is a neonatal lung disease?
Surfactant deficiency
Hyaline Membrane Disease (RDS)
Chronic neonatal lung disease (BPD, CLDP)
whats the treatment of surfactant defiecency
Antenatal glucocorticoids Surfactant replacement Oxygen CPAP Mechanical ventilation
what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the world
COPD
what are the three growth and development of the lung?
morphogenesis
surfactant system
postnatal lung growth
what are the abnormalities of growth and development of the lung
congenital lung disease
hyaline membrane disease
how many lobes on the right lung?
3
how many lobes on the left lung?
2
why is it called pseudo glandular
all these cells are very metabloliclaly active
when is uterine life possible?
canalicular level
when does organogenesis occur?
4-16 weeks (embryonic and pseudo glandular)
when does differentiation occur?
16-38 weeks
canicular, saccular and alveolar
when would you see airway stenosis
early on in embryonic stage
how does airway malacia happen
blood vssel that hasnt been formed properly
does nronchogenic cyst happen earlier or later?
later
how do you pick up presenting features?
fetal ultrasounds newborn- trachypnea resp distress childhood- stridor recurrent pneumonia incidentsl finding
what are symptoms of tracheo-bronchomalacia
Barking/seal-like cough
Early onset/recurrent “croup”
Breathless on exertion
Stridor/wheeze
how do you manage tracheo-bronchomalacia
Airway clearance physiotherapy
Antibiotics
Avoid “asthma” treatment (especially bronchodilators)
where does diaphragmatic hernia usually occur?
left more likely than right
what is remodelling
alteration of structure following an external influence
