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1st year systems > pathology of respiratory tract infections > Flashcards

pathology of respiratory tract infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are different types of upper respiratory tract infections?

A 
Coryza - common cold
Sore throat syndrome
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)
Laryngitis
Sinusitis
Acute Epiglottitis
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2
Q

acute epiglottitis

A

group A beta- haemolytic streptococci

Haemophilus influenzae (type b - Hib)

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3
Q

what are charecteristics of lower respiratory tract infections?

A 
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Consequences
Possible Complications
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4
Q

what are defence mechanisms for resp tract?

A

macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

general immune system
resp tract secretions

upper resp tract act as a filter

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5
Q

what is the macrophage-mucociliary system?

A

alveolar macrophages
mucociliary escalator
cough reflex

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6
Q

where is there deposition?

A

on the conducting airways

on the terminal bronchioles/proximal alveoli

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7
Q

what are patterns of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Segmental
Lobar

Hypostatic
Aspiration
Obstructive, Retention, Endogenous Lipid

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8
Q

what is bronchopneumonia?

A

inflammation of the lungs, arising in the bronchi or bronchioles

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9
Q

what is lobar pneumonia?

A

a form of pneumonia characterized by inflammatory exudate within the intra-alveolar space resulting in consolidation that affects a large and continuous area of the lobe of a lung

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10
Q

what are complications of pneumonia

A

Organisation
mass lesion
COP(cryptogenic organising pneumonia (BOOP))
Constrictive bronchiolitis
Lung Abscess
Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia is still a potentially fatal disease

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11
Q

what is nroncheictasis?

A

Bronchiectasis is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become abnormally widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection

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12
Q

the pathological dilation of bronchi is due to?

A

Severe Infective Episode
Recurrent Infections - many causes
Proximal Bronchial Obstruction
Lung Parenchymal Destruction

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13
Q

what percentage of bronchiectasis start at childhood?

A

75%

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

cough, ABUNDANT PURULENT FOUL SPUTUM, haemoptysis, signs of chronic infection
Coarse crackles, clubbing

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15
Q

how would you test for bronchiectasis?

A

thin section CT (previously bronchography)

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16
Q

how do you manage bronchiectasis?

A

Postural Drainage, Antibiotics, Surgery

17
Q

in a recurrent lung infection, what make the defences fail?

A

Local Bronchial Obstruction - Tumour, Foreign body?

Local Pulmonary Damage - Bronchiectasis?

Generalised Lung Disease - Cystic Fibrosis?, COPD?
Non-Respiratory Disease - Immunocompromised (HIV, other)?, Aspiration?

18
Q

what is aspiration pneumonia?

A

Aspiration pneumonia is a complication of pulmonary aspiration. Pulmonary aspiration is when you inhale food, stomach acid, or saliva into your lungs.

19
Q

what are the symptoms of aspiration pneumonia?

A 
Vomiting
Oesophageal Lesion
Obstetric Anaesthesia
Neuromuscular Disorders
Sedation
20
Q

what are 4 abnormal states associated with hypoxaemia?

A

Ventilation / Perfusion imbalance - V/Q
Diffusion impairment
Alveolar Hypoventilation
Shunt

21
Q

Pulmonary vascular changes in Hypoxia

A

Physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction
When alveolar oxygen tension falls
Can be localised effect
All vessels constrict if there is arterial hypoxaemia

A protective mechanism
Do not send blood to alveoli short of oxygen!

22
Q

why does pneumonia lead to hypoxaemia?

A

Ventilation / Perfusion abnormality (mismatch)
Bronchitis / Bronchopneumonia
Shunt
Severe bronchopneumonia
Lobar pattern with large areas of consolidation

23
Q

does a large shunt respond to increase in FI O2?

A

responds poorly

24
Q

why does copd lead to hypoxaemia?

A 
Airway Obstruction
Alveolar Hypoventilation
Reduced Respiratory Drive
Diffusion Impairment
Loss of Alveolar Surface Area 
Shunt 
Only during acute exacerbation
25
Q

what is Alveolar Hypoventilation

A

Insufficient amount of air moved in and out of lungs

26
Q

what is FIO2

A

the Fraction of Inspired air which is Oxygen

27
Q

does hypoventilation increase or decrease PACO2

A

increase

28
Q

what does an increase in PACO2 do to, Paco2, PAO2 and paO2

A

increase in PaCO2

decrease in PAO2 which causes PaO2 to fall

29
Q

what is Hypoxic Cor Pulmonale

A

Cor pulmonale is a maladaptive response to pulmonary hypertension

30
Q

what does Hypoxic Cor Pulmonale cause?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction
Pulmonary arterioles
muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis

Loss of capillary bed

Secondary polycythaemia

Bronchopulmonary arterial anastamoses

31
Q

what is Chronic (Hypoxic) Cor Pulmonale

A

Hypertrophy of the Right Ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and/or the structure of the lung, except where pulmonary alterations are the result of diseases primarily affecting the left side of the heart or congenital heart disease

1st year systems (74 decks)

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