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1st year systems > embryology of the cvs > Flashcards

embryology of the cvs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four stages of heart development?

A

primitive heart tube
heart looping
atrial and ventricular septation
outflow tract septation

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2
Q

what forms the circulatory system in the 3rd week

A

lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm

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3
Q

what forms two primitive heart tubes?

A

Angiogenic cell islands collect in

the lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm, move towards the midline and coalesce

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4
Q

whats the first major system to function in the embryo?

A

cvs

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5
Q

when does the primordial heart start to function?

A

4th week

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6
Q

where do blood vessels start to appear?

A

wall of yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion

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7
Q

what are angioblastic cords?

A

paired endothelial strands

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8
Q

when does the angioblastic cords form?

A

3rd week

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9
Q

what canalises to form heart tubes?

A

angioblastic cords

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10
Q

what forms primordial cvs?

A

Tubular heart joins blood vessels in other areas

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11
Q

what is the pericardium derived from?

A

intra-embryonic coelom

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12
Q

whats the visceral layer of serous pericardium derived from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

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13
Q

what are the terms in a fused primitive heart tube

A 
truncus arteriosus
bulbus cordis
ventrical 
atrium
sinus venosus
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14
Q

how many horns does sinus venosus have?

A

2

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15
Q

how does each horn of sinus venosus get venous blood?

A

Each horn gets venous blood from:

yolk sac (=vitelline v.)

placenta (=umbilical v.)

body of the embryo (=common cardinal v.)

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16
Q

where does aortic arch arise from?

A

aortic sac

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17
Q

where does the aortic arch terminate?

A

dorsal aorta

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18
Q

what forms the bulboventricular loop?

A

Bulbus cordis and ventricle

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19
Q

what way does the heart loop to?

A

left

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20
Q

what is dextrocardia?

A

when heart loops to right side of body

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21
Q

whats the function of the Endocardial cushion formation

A

separates right atrium + ventricle from

left atrium +ventricle to form L&R AV canals

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22
Q

whats the funtion of the Septum formation

A

separates right atrium from left atrium

+ right ventricle from left ventricle

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23
Q

when does the partitioning of primitive atrium into left and right atria start?

A

end of weeek 4

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24
Q

what are the two septum and two foramina developings during the partition?

A

) Septum primum & foramen primum

2) Septum secundum & foramen secundum

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25
Q

what is the septum primum?

A

the sickle shaped crest that grows from roof of atrium.

this growth generates foramen primum

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26
Q

where is the foramen secundum formed?

A

upper end of the septum primum

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27
Q

where does the septum secundum fold on to?

A

) forms on the right of septum primum.

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28
Q

where does the septum scandium grow down to

A

grows down and overlaps the foramen secundum

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29
Q

where does foramen secundum open in ?

A

septum primum

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30
Q

where doesforamen ovule open in ?

A

septum secundum

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31
Q

whats the role of oval foramen before birth?

A

Allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium (non functioning lung)

Prevents the passage of blood in the opposite direction

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32
Q

whats the role of oval foramen after birth?

A

Normally closes (increased pulmonary blood flow and shift of pressure to the left atrium)

Septum primum (= valve of oval foramen) fuses with the septum secundum

Oval fossa (fossa ovalis) of adult heart is a remnant of foetal oval foramen

Non closure results in Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) – “Hole in the heart”

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33
Q

what are the four types of atrial septal defects?

A

Foramen secundum defect

Endocardial cushion defect with foramen primum defect

Sinus venosus defect

Common atrium
The first two types are more common

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34
Q

which gender is more likely to get ASD

A

females

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35
Q

what is the opening called in muscular ventricular septum?

A

interventricular foramen

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36
Q

what fuses to form membranous inter ventricular septum?

A

Bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum

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37
Q

what divides the bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus

A

aorticopulmonary septum

38
Q

whats the most common congenital heart disease?

A

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

39
Q

what gender is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) more common?

A

males

40
Q

when does the pacemaker develop?

A

week 5

41
Q

wheres the adult location of the pacemaker (SA node)

A

High in the right atrium near the entrance of the SVC

42
Q

what does the aortic sac develop into?

A

aortic arches

43
Q

what does the bulbus cordis develop into?

A

right ventricle

parts of the outflow tracts

44
Q

what does the primitive ventricle develop into?

A

left ventricle

45
Q

what does the primitive atrium develop into?

A

parts of right and left atria

46
Q

what does the sinus venosus develop into?

A

superior vena cava

right atrium

47
Q

what are the reasons for congenital heart disease?

A

Rubella infection in pregnancy (PDA)

Maternal alcohol abuse (septal defects)

Maternal drug treatment and radiation

Genetic - 8%

Chromosomal – 2% (Down’s and Turner’s syndrome)

48
Q

what is the cause of transposition of great vessels?

A

) Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course
- 2) Defective migration of neural crest cells

Common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants

Associated with ASD and VSD

Permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation

49
Q

whats the tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis (obstruction of right ventricular outflow)

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Dextroposition of aorta (“overriding” aorta)

Right ventricular hypertrophy

50
Q

what is vasculogenesis?

A

defined as the new formation of a primitive vascular network

51
Q

whats angiogenesis?

A

defined as the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

52
Q

true or false: each primitive aorta l part has a ventra

A

false it has dorsal as well

53
Q

After the fusion of two endothelial tubes the two ventral aortae partially fuse to form…

A

aortic sac

54
Q

what do aortic branches arise from?

A

aortic sac

55
Q

when does the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

4th and 5th week

56
Q

do each arch receive artery? its own nerve and

A

yes

57
Q

when is it called aortic arches?

A

when Pharyngeal arteries communicate with aortic branches

58
Q

how many arches are formed on each side?

A

6 aortic arches

59
Q

where do aortic arches terminate?

A

dorsal aorta

60
Q

what is the fate of arches 1 and 2?

A

The1stand2nd archesdisappear early, remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery

61
Q

what is the fate of arch 3?

A

The3rd aortic archconstitutes the commencement of theinternal carotid a., and is therefore named thecarotid arch

62
Q

what is the fate of arch 4

A

The4th right archforms theright subclavian,

The 4th left arch constitutes thedistal part of aortic arch

63
Q

what is the fate of arch 5

A

The5th archeither never forms or forms incompletely and then regresses.

64
Q

what is the fate of arch 6

A

The proximal part of the6th right archpersists as the proximal part of the rightpulmonary artery

The6th left archgives off the leftpulmonary a.and forms the ductus arteriosus; within 1–3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum

65
Q

when does aberrant subclavian artery occur?

A

with regression of the right aortic arch 4 and the right dorsal aorta, the rightsubclavian arteryhas an abnormal origin on the left side. To supply blood to the right arm, this forces the right subclavian artery to cross the midline behind thetrachea and oesophagus, which may constrict these organs, although usually with no clinical symptoms.

66
Q

when does double aortic arch occur?

A

occurs with the development of an abnormal right aortic arch in addition to the left aortic arch, forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus, which usually causes dificutly breathing and swallowing.

67
Q

when does patent ductus arteriosus occur?

A

); a condition wherein theductus arteriosusfails to close afterbirth.
Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased ‘work of breathing’ and poor weight gain. An uncorrected PDA may lead to congestiveheart failurewith increasing age.

68
Q

when does coarctation of the aorta occur?

A

a congenital condition wherein theaortais narrow, usually in the area where the ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum after regression) inserts. The word “coarctation” means narrowing.Coarctationsare most common in theaorticarch. Can be proximal to ductus arteriosus (preductal) or distal to it (postductal). (Co = Coarctation site).

69
Q

what supplies the placental circulation?

A

left umbilical vein

umbilical artery

70
Q

what supplies the vitelline circulation?

A

vitelline vein

vitelline artery

71
Q

what are the three major areas of the embryo?

A 
vitelline = yolk sac
umbilical = placental
cardinal = rest of body
72
Q

whats the fate of umbilical arteries before birth?

A

Paired branches of the dorsal

aorta to placenta

73
Q

whats the fate of umbilical arteries after birth?

A

Proximal portion persists as internal iliac and superior vesical branches to urinary bladder

74
Q

whats the function of vitelline veins?

A

Carrying blood from the yolk sac to the sinus venosus

75
Q

whats the function of umbillical veins?

A

originate from chorionic villi of placenta carrying oxygenated blood to the embryo

76
Q

whats the function of cardinal veins?

A

draining the body of embryo

77
Q

where does vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins drain to?

A

right atrium

78
Q

when does the lymphatic system develop

A

end of 6th week around the main veins

79
Q

when do the 6 lymph sacs develop?

A

end of embryonic period

80
Q

do lymphatic vessels join lymph sacs?

A

yes they do, but later

81
Q

what are the three foetal and neonatal circulations?

A

Ductus venosus
Oval foramen
Ductus arteriosus

82
Q

whats the function of the Ductus venosus

A

shunts left umbilical vein blood flow directly to IVC: allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

83
Q

whats the function of the oval foramem

A

allows blood to enter the leftatriumfrom the right atrium: allows blood to bypass the lungs

84
Q

whats the function of ductus arteriosus?

A

allows blood that still escapes to the right ventricle to bypass thelungs

85
Q

what becomes ligamentum venosum of the liver?

A

ductus venosus

86
Q

what closes after birth by tissue proliferation and adhesion of septal structures?

A

oval foramen

87
Q

what obliterates to form ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus

88
Q

which gender is patent ducts arteriosus more common in?

A

females

89
Q

whats the cause of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

Failure of muscular wall to contract, respiratory distress syndrome (Low O2) and lack of surfactant in the lungs

90
Q

whats the cause of coarctation of aorta?

A

Incorporation of muscle tissue of DA into arch of aorta (during development). When DA contracts after birth, part of the arch also constricts

Genetic / environmental factors

1st year systems (74 decks)

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