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AD2 > Vector-Borne Protozoa > Flashcards

Vector-Borne Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

what are the arthropod-borne protozoa of major importance in humans?

A

-plasmodium (malaria)
-trypanosoma (trypanosomiasis)
-leishmania (leishmaniasis)

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2
Q

what are the arthropod-borne protozoa of major importance in animals?

A

-trypanosoma
-theileria (theileriosis)
-babesia (babesiosis)
-plasmodium (avian malaria)
-leishmania

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3
Q

what are the vector, parasite and diseases for flagellates?

A

-tsetse flies, biting flied-trypanosoma-trypanosomiasis
-sand flies-leishmania-leishmaniasis

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4
Q

what are the vector, parasite and diseases for apicomplexas?

A

-mosquitos-plasmosium-malaria
-ticks-babesia-babesiosis/theileria/theileriosis

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5
Q

what are the vector, parasite and diseases for rickettsiales?

A

-ticks- ehrlichia-erlichiosis/anaplasma-anaplasmosis

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6
Q

what are the stages of the life cycles in ticks?

A

-egg mass
-larva
-nymph
-adult (male and female)

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7
Q

what is the basic tick life cycle?

A
  1. Eggs laid by engorged female
  2. Hatched into larvae that attach to host and feed on blood thorugh sepcialised mouth parts
  3. Malt to become nymphs and feed
  4. Then malt again to become males and females which both feed and mate
  5. Adult females lay thousands of eggs in environment
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8
Q

what are one-host ticks?

A

-all three life cycle stages feed on same host
-e.g. rhipicephalus microplus
-an important tropical cattle tick

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9
Q

what are two host ticks?

A

-larvae and nymphs feed on same host
-e.g. hyalomma sp
-important mediterranean and subtropical livestock ticks
-adult ticks feed on another host

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10
Q

what are three host ticks?

A

-each stage feeds on a different host
-e.g. ixodes ricinus
-the familiar UK sheep tick

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11
Q

what is transstadial transmission?

A

-Transmission between stages - larva to nymph, nymph to adult
-tick cannot be a reservoir ‘pasture spelling’ eliminates disease from ticks if alternative tick hosts not susceptible

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12
Q

what is transovarial transmission?

A

-Vertical transmission via eggs (so larvae are infected and infectious)
-tick may act as reservoir of disease in absense of disease susceptible vertebrate hosts
-ticks survive by feeding on non-susceptible hosts
-pathogen survives by vertical transmission within ticks

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13
Q

what is ixodes ricinus?

A

-sheep tick, castor bean tick

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14
Q

what is rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

brown dog tick, kennel tick

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15
Q

what is dermacentor reticulatus?

A

marsh tick, meadow tick, ornate cow tick
uncommon in UK, important vector in belgium

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16
Q

what is babesia?

A

-tick-borne ampicomplexan parasite causing disease in domestic animals
-occasional zoonosis

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17
Q

what are the properties of babesia?

A

-tick-borne protozoan parasites of red blood cells
-cause of babesiosis
-discovered by victor babes 1888 in romania
-a variety of species infect various host and vector species e.g. babesia canis

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18
Q

where did texas fever arise?

A

-texas longhorne cattle trekked north along chisholm trail
-disease broke out in midwestern cattle close to trails
-splenic or redwater fever- pyrexia, splenomegaly and haemoglobinuria
-trekked cattle remained healthy

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19
Q

what is the babesia life cycle?

A
  1. In dog red blood cells, parasite may multiply by binary fission in merogeny and under microscope seen in pairs
  2. Merozoites go on to infected further red blood cells
  3. Ingested by tick
  4. Within tick gut, undergoes sexual repro forming gametes which fuse to form zygotes and invade gut epithelial cells where they multiply
  5. Motile chimete stage migrates to both ovary of female ticks thereby allowing transovarial transmission to next generation of ticks to the tick salivary gland
    - Further multiplication- sprorogony- occurs in epithelial cells giving rise to sporozoites in the saliva which are infective to dog RBCs when tick feeds
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20
Q

what is babesia canis canis?

A

-transmitted by dermacentor reticularis
-main species in Europe

21
Q

what is babesia canis vogeli?

A

-transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus
-mediterranean area
-less pathogenic than B.canis canis

22
Q

what is babesia gibsoni?

A

-probably transmitted by rhiphicephalus sanguineus
-sporadically reported in Europe

23
Q

what is babesia vulpes?

A

-AKA theileria annae, babesia microti-like species
-suspected vector: Ixodes hexagonus
-probably reservoir in foxes
-endemic in northern spain

24
Q

what is the pathogenesis of canine babesiosis?

A

-rapid division of parasite erythrocytes
-haemolytic anaemia
-splenomegaly

24
Q

what is the pathogenesis of canine babesiosis?

A

-rapid division of parasite erythrocytes
-haemolytic anaemia
-splenomegaly

25
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine babesiosis?

A

-1-2 weeks post tick-feeding
-fever, haemogloinuria (redwater), jaundice, anaemia
-neurological signs

26
Q

what is the treatment of canine babesiosis?

A

-antiprotozoal drugs
-blood transfusion

27
Q

what are the features of babesia divergens in the UK?

A

-small
-ixodes ricinus vector
-all areas with ixodes ricinus
-in endemic areas

28
Q

what are the features of babesia divergens?

A

-vertebrae host: cattle
-vector: Ixodes ricinus
-disease: redwater fever

29
Q

what are the clinical signs of babesia divergens?

A

-pyrexia, anorexia, depression
-anaemia, haemoglobinuria, icterus
-diarrhoea or constipation
-occasionally neurological signs

30
Q

how can you distinguish haemoglobinuria from haematuria?

A

-RBC settle on standing in haematuria

31
Q

what are the factors affecting epidemiology of bovine babesiosis in the UK?

A

-restricted to pastures that support high numbers of ticks
-disease outbreaks associate with peaks of tick feeding activity
-principally a disease of older animals
-inverse age resistance- animal up to 6 months old in endemic areas are protected by colostral immunity and innate resistance
-infected cattle develop non-sterile immunity
-enzootic stability in endemic areas

32
Q

what is enzootic stability?

A

-a state of host-tick-pathogen interaction in which there is
-a high level of challenge of calves by infected ticks
-absence of clinical disease in calves despite infection
- a high level of immunity in adult cattle
-consequently a low incidence of clinical disease

33
Q

what are the risk factors for outbreaks of bovine babesiosis?

A

-intro to babesia naive adults to tick areas
-intro of tick infested cattle to naive herds
-fluctuations in tick numbers

34
Q

how are there fluctuations in tick numbers?

A

-set aside scheme
-changes in pasture harvesting
-presence of dipped sheep
-use of endectocides for helminths
-purpurbation of enzootic stability

35
Q

what is the control of bovine babesiosis?

A

-ensure adequate exposure of young animals to tick challenge
-treatment of affected animals
-monitor introduced adult cattle for evidence of infection
-tick reduction measures e.g. dipping
-vaccination

36
Q

what are the treatments for bovine babesiosis?

A

-imidocarb diproprionate or long acting oxytetracyclin
-diminazene aceturate in some countries
-supportive therapy

37
Q

what is leishmania?

A

a parasitic protozoan of animals and man transmitted by the sandfly
causes leishmaniasis

38
Q

what are the features of leishmania?

A

-flagellate protozoan parasite
-vertebrate hosts: human, dog, wild animals
-mediterranean basin, Africa, Asia, Central and South America
-Vector: blood sucking phlebotomine sandfly

39
Q

what is canine leishmaniasis?

A

-endemic in mediterranean Europe, Africa, Asia, Central and South America
-potential problem in UK dogs imported frmo Southern and Eastern Europe
-Rescued stray dogs brought into the UK from endemic countries
-A recognised problem in dogs in USA
-vectors not present in UK
-congenital or venereal transmission, or biting
-incubation period of months to years

40
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine leishmaniasis?

A

-skin lesions, ocular abnormalities, epistaxis
-frequently: weight loss, lethargy

41
Q

what are the pathologies of canine leishmaniasis?

A

-anaemia
-thrombocytopenia
-hyperglobulinemia

42
Q

what is the diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis?

A

-cytology of giemsa stained lymph node of bone marrow aspirates
-PCR
-serology

43
Q

what is the treatment of canine leishmaniasis?

A

-pentavalent antimonials (toxicity)
-allopurinol
-miltefosine

44
Q

what can treated dogs of canine leishmaniasis?

A

-can remain carriers
-may relapse
-may remain infectious to sand flies

45
Q

what is trypanosomiasis?

A

-tsetse fly vector- glossina sp
-nagana- trypanosoma congolense
-extracellular flagellate haemoparasites
-sleeping sickness-trupanosoma brucei

46
Q

what is the incidence of trypanosomiasis?

A

-major problem in sub-saharan africa

47
Q

what does trypanosomiasis cause?

A

anaemia and loss of production in animals

48
Q

what is the antigenic variation in trypanosomes?

A

-variable surface glycoprotein coat
-vast repertoire of VSG genes
-antigenic variation evades host immune response

AD2 (39 decks)

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