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AD2 > fungal physiology, infections and therapeutics > Flashcards

fungal physiology, infections and therapeutics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the features of fungi?

A

-cytoplasm enclosed in cell wall
-cell wall composed of complex carb polymers including chitin

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2
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

sexual meiosis or asexual mitosis spores

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3
Q

What are the two main morphological forms of fungi?

A

moulds and yeast

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4
Q

What are hyphae?

A

-the basic cell unit of the moulds
-an apically elongating cylinder capable of branching

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5
Q

what are the features of hyphae?

A

-at intervals, cross walls or septa strengthen the tubular wall but as these have a central pore, the cytoplasm can stream through
-the hypha is therefore acellular often with several nuceli per segment

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6
Q

what are mycelium?

A

Network of hyphae forming the body of the mould

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7
Q

what are the types of mycelium?

A

-conidia
-sporangiospores

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8
Q

what are yeasts?

A

-an alternative growth form to the hypha

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9
Q

how do yeasts reproduce?

A

budding

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10
Q

how can some spores produce both yeasts and hyphae?

A

-depends on environmental conditions
=dimorphic

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11
Q

what is pseudo-mycelium?

A

Intermediate form of growth between hyphae and yeasts, in which elongated budding cells form pseudohyphae.

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12
Q

what is phylum deuteromycota?

A

-fungi imperfecti
-if dont fit into a group

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13
Q

what are the features of deuteromycota?

A

-an artificial assemblage of fungi which only produce conidia, there being no sexual reproductive state
-most of the pathogenic species fit here

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14
Q

what is an example of a deuteromycota?

A

-aspergillus fumigatus
-causes airway disease
-conidiophore- bears a conidia
-conidia are fruiting bodies
-vesticles and phialides too

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15
Q

what are arthrospores?

A

-Conidia formed by simple fragmentation of hyphae in dermatophytes

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16
Q

how do fungi act as pathogens?

A

-mycosis (infection)
-allergy (inhaled spores)
-toxicosis

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17
Q

what are the ways fungi are involved in toxicosis?

A

-mycotoxicosis (spoiled feed)
-mycetism (ingesting poisonous fungi)

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18
Q

what is fungal allergy?

A

spores have chitin so animal allergic as doesnt recognise

19
Q

what are endogenous sources of infection?

A

-commensal flora
-e.g. canidia in GI tract
-oral thrush

20
Q

what are exogenous sources of infection?

A

-free living saphrophytes e.g. aspergillus in hay
-parasitic on other animal host e.g. microsporum causing ringworm

21
Q

what are the three types of mycoses infections?

A

-superficial mycoses
-subcutaneous mycoses
-deep mycoses

22
Q

what is superficial mycoses?

A

-epidermis
-nail/hair/claws/spines/feathers
-fungi have evolved to grow outside in colder environment which will be on outside
-land on skin and burrow roots deep down

23
Q

what is an example of superficial mycoses?

A

-microsporum canis
-fungi glow in dark so with UV light can see ringworm lesions

24
Q

what are subcutaneous mycoses?

A

-traumatic inoculation through skin

25
Q

what are deep mycoses?

A

-inhaled
-deep wound
-endogenous

26
Q

what are the effects of cattle ringworm?

A

-loss in growth rate
-lower milk yield
-scarring affects high value and stock sales
-contamination persists for years

27
Q

what are the topical treatments of ringworm?

A

-miconaxole- shampoo
-enilconazole- wash or spray

28
Q

what are the systemic treatments of ringworm?

A

-griseofulvin
-terbinafine and itraconazole- not licensed

29
Q

what are the methods of environmental deconamination?

A

-restrict movements of animals
-burn bedding, collars, grooming tools
-fog spray or wash other surfaces with enilconazole, bleach or persulphate

30
Q

what type of growth do deep mycoses have?

A

opportunistic
predisposition

31
Q

what influences predisposition to fungal infection?

A

-immune suppression (natural or induced)
-age (young and old)
-trauma
-exposure to heavy spore loads

32
Q

what are deep mycoses mould infection examples?

A

-aspergillosis
-mucoromycosis
-mycotic abortion

33
Q

what are deep mycoses yeast infection examples?

A

-candidosis
-cryptococcosis
-malassezia

34
Q

What Aspergillosis features?

A

-main sources: hay, straw
-spores 2-3um, impact on alveloar wall
-separate hyphae in tissues

35
Q

aspergillosis in dogs

A

-bony sinuses which is difficult yo get topical agent into
-squirt it until it comes out of dogs nostrils
-difficult to diagnose and treat
-usually have the euthanise

36
Q

what is bovine mycotic abortion?

A

-infection of placenta and foetus
-not contagious

37
Q

what is the gross pathology of bovine mycotic abortion?

A

-thickened cotyledons, amnion and foetal skin

38
Q

what is seen in cells trying to get rid of mycotic abrotion?

A

growth of cells
thickened skin, necrosis and lesions in amnion

39
Q

what is candidosis?

A

-yeasts of normal gut flora
-opportunistic infections
-mucosal lesions- thrush, gut ulcers, mastitis, deep systemic
-can be deadly

40
Q

how are mould infections diagnosed e.g. mycotic abortion?

A

-gross pathology- thickened cotyledons amnion and foetal skin
-direct microscopy- fungal hyphae in tissues and foetal stomach contents
-culture identification- only trust foetal stomach contents

41
Q

what is cryptococcosis

A

-yeasts with capsule outside
-saprophytic in bird guano
-opportunistic (immunosuppression)
-big outbreak in mexico, live in bat poo, bird poo or caves
-can live for years and then activate and then kill

42
Q

what is an important control of cryptococcosis?

A

dont let it dry out

43
Q

what are the methods of diagnosis of fungi infections

A

-direct microscopy
-culture and ID
-serology
-molecular ID

44
Q

what is serology?

A

-detect antibodies and antigens
-detect what cannot see
-like chitin
-circulating around system

AD2 (39 decks)

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