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protozoan parasites with direct life cycles Flashcards

1
Q

what are protozoa?

A

-single celled organisms
-very small organisms measured in microns
-eukaryotes
-unknown until the invention of the microscope in 1675

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2
Q

what are the examples of disease caused by parasitic protozoa

A

-amoebic dysentry
-malaria
-sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis
-tick borne diseases of livestock
-toxoplasmosis
-coccidiosis

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3
Q

what are the four phyla of parasitic protozoa?

A

-phylum apicomplexa
-phylum euglenozoa
-phylum ciliophora
-phylum amoebozoa

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4
Q

Treating protozoal disease and preventing protozoal infection is…

A

expensive

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5
Q

what is phylum ampicomplexas?

A

ampicomplexans move by body flexion, all are parasitic, using the apical complex to invade host cells

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6
Q

what is phylum euglenozoa?

A

flagellates move by one or more whip like processes or flagella

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7
Q

what is phylum ciliospore?

A

ciliates move by short hair like processes or cilia

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8
Q

what is phylum amoeboxoa

A

amoebae move by processes or pseudopodia

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9
Q

what are some diseases that are coccidia

A

-eimeria
-toxoplasma
-neospora
-cryptosporidium
-isospora
-sarcocystitis

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10
Q

what are some diseases that are piroplasms

A

-babesia
-theileria

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11
Q

what are some diseases that are ciliates

A

balantidium
rumen
ciliates

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12
Q

what are some diseases that are flagellates

A

-leishmania
-trichomonas
-trypanosoma
-giardia
-histomonas

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13
Q

what is a definitive host?

A

One in which a parasite reaches maturity and usually reproduces sexually

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14
Q

what is an intermediate host?

A

One in which the parasite develops, but does not reach maturity or reproduce sexually

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15
Q

what is a vector?

A

Intermediate host that carries adn transmits parasite developmental stages to another host

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16
Q

what is a direct life cycle?

A

Only definitive host require

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17
Q

what is an indirect life cycle?

A

Requires definitive and intermediate hosts

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18
Q

what is a vector-borne life cycle?

A

Requires definitive host and intermediate host vector

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19
Q

what are enteric pathogens?

A

Direct and indirect life cycles
Water borne or soil transmitted

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20
Q

what are haemoparasites?

A

-Indirect life cycles

-Vector borne-Transmission by mosquitos, tsetse fly, sticks

-Causes fevers, anaemia and worse

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21
Q

what are systemic pathogens?

A

Like Enteric and haemoparasites but more serious

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22
Q

what are the basic forms of coccidial parasites?

A

-trophozoite
-gametes
-oocyst

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23
Q

what is the structure of apical complex?

A

-rhoptries
-micronemes
-polar rings
-conoid

24
Q

what is the function of apical complexes?

A

-enable parasite to penetrate host cells

-activated by the release of sequestered calcium ions into the parasite cytoplasm

25
Q

how do ampicoplexa enter the host cell?

A
  1. receptor detects host cell
  2. reorientation
  3. parasite inside vacuole
  4. parasitophorous vacuole forming
26
Q

what is special about the way ampicoplexa multiply?

A

-multiply sexually within host by schizogony
-multiple nuclear division precedes cytoplasmic division

27
Q

what are the stages of the eimeria species direct life cycle?

A
  1. Only definitive host is necessary for its completion
  2. One phase in host and one in environment
  3. Host becomes infected by ingesting sporulated oocysts fmro environment such as food or bedding
  4. Sporozoites are released into gut epithelial cells where under go one or more asexual cycles of schizogony
  5. Go onto invade further gut epithelial cells and can also form macrogametes or microgames here
  6. Microgametes fertilise macrogametes to produce oocysts which are released into the gut lumen and voided in the faeces into the environment
  7. Oocysts can survive for months in the environment but must undergo maturation/sporulation to form sporocysts and sporozoites which are infectious once ingested
28
Q

what are the environmental conditions affecting coccidia and disease?

A

-temperature
-humidity
-hygiene

29
Q

what are the host factors affecting coccidia and disease?

A

-age- young
-immunity- naive
-density- intensification

30
Q

what is the pathology caused by Eimeria tenella?

A

-thickening of mucosa, inflammation, haemorrhage and necorsis
-eimeria tenella has a predilection for the caeca: useful for diagnosis

31
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects Chickens?

A

E. tenella
E. praecox

32
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects Cattle?

A

E. bovis

33
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects Sheep and goats?

A

E. ovanoidallis

34
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects pigs

A

cystoisospora suis

35
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects dogs?

A

cystoisospora canis

36
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects cats?

A

cystoisospora felis

37
Q

Name a Coccidian species which affects Rabbits

A

E. intestinalis
E. flavescens

38
Q

what are the infective stages of eimeria?

A

-unsporulated oocyst requires warmth, moisture and oxygen to sporulate

-forms sporulated cyst which can resist disinfection and persist in environment

39
Q

what are the infective stages of eimeria?

A

-unsporulated oocyst requires warmth, moisture and oxygen to sporulate

-forms sporulated cyst which can resist disinfection and persist in environment

40
Q

what is cryptosporiuim parvum?

A

-A very tin cocidian parasite
-Pathogen of domestic animals and humans
-Disease: cryptosporidiosis
-Common zoonosis
Clinical signs= Intermittent anorexia and diarrhoea
-No treatment (Self limiting)

41
Q

what happens in autoinfection?

A

may sporelate before leaving infection and release sporozoites that infect same individual

42
Q

Where is cryptosporidium schizonts located?

A

-located within brush border

43
Q

where does cryptosporidium schizonts develop?

A

space between cytoplasm and cell membrane

44
Q

what are some other features of cryptosporidium schizonts?

A

-intracellular but extracytoplasmic location

-infected microvilli are destroyed when the parasite leaves the cells

45
Q

how big are cryoptosporidium oocysts and what are they resistant to?

A

3-5um in diameter
Chlorination

46
Q

is autoinfection possible in cryoptosporidium oocysts?

A

yes- sporozoites released from oocysts within the intestine may re-infect same individual

47
Q

what are giardia lamlia?

A

-causes diarrhoea in many birds and mammals e.g. dogs and humans
-zoonosis
-trophozoites attach with suckers to epithelial cells of the small intestine
-the very distinctive trophozoites can sometimes be found in the faeces

48
Q

what are tritrichomonas feoeus features?

A

-simple direct life cycle
-sexual transmission

49
Q

what are the tritrichomonas feoeus features in the bull and the cow

A

Bull is asymptomatic
Cow has…
-infertility
-abortion
-embryonic and early fetal death
-fetal maceration
-pyometra
-vaginal discharge

50
Q

what are the tritrichomonas feoeus features in cats?

A

typhlocolitis

51
Q

what are the features of spironucleus meleagridis?

A

-small <10um
-catarrhal enteritis in turkey poults and game birds
-adult birds are asymptomatic carriers
-transmission by faeco-oral route of encysted

52
Q

what are is the presentation of histomonas meleagridis?

A

‘blackhead’ in turkeys and chickens

53
Q

what does histomonas meleagridis cause?

A

-necrotic lesions in the caecum
-focal necrosis in liver
-cyanosis of head and wattle due to poor blood supply

54
Q

how does histomonas meleagridis migrate?

A

in portal circulation

55
Q

what is the indirect life cycle of histomonas meleagridis?

A

-heterakis gallinarium
-found in caecum
-histomonas invades nematode
-histomonas within heterakis eggs

56
Q

what can ingest heterakis eggs?

A

-birds OR
-ingested by and develop within earthworm
-bird eats earworm containing heterakis containing histomonas
-becomes infected with both parasites simultaneously

57
Q

what is histomonas meleagridis found in?

A

free range turkeys and chickens

AD2 (39 decks)

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