Vascular Tissue: Xylem

Question 1

When did vascular tissues arise?

Answer 1

400-500 million years ago, similar structure to algae

Question 2

What are vascular plants including?

Answer 2

non-moss and non-algae

Question 3

Why do large plants need to be vascular?

Answer 3

Nutrients need to be transported from roots to top of plants

Question 4

What is transpiration?

Answer 4

When plants release water as vapor

Question 5

Where is stomata found?

Answer 5

Epidermal tissue

Question 6

What do some plant hairs possess?

Answer 6

glands to secrete chemicals

Question 7

What are the three basic tissues in vascular plants?

Answer 7

dermal
ground
vascular

Question 8

What are dermal tissues?

Answer 8

outer layer

Question 9

What is ground tissue?

Answer 9

layer between dermal and vascular tissue, PCS cells

Question 10

What are vascular tissues?

Answer 10

“bones” found from tip of roots to tip of shoots

Question 11

What is xylem?

Answer 11

Transports water and mienrals from roots to leaves

Question 12

What are the two types of xylem?

Answer 12

tracheids and vessels

Question 13

What is phloem?

Answer 13

Transports organic nutrients from source

Question 14

What makes up phloem?

Answer 14

seive-tube elements with companion cells, and seive plates at the ends

Sieve cells

Question 15

What are tracheids?

Answer 15

small openings in xylem with two tapering ends

Question 16

What connects tracheids?

Answer 16

plasmodesmata pits

Question 17

What are vessels?

Answer 17

large opening in the xylem?

Question 18

How does water transportation differ between tracheids and vessels?

Answer 18

tracheids have more resistance, while vessels are more efficient

Question 19

Why are tracheids useful?

Answer 19

slower conduction is useful in dry environment, allowing water retention.
Resistant to air bubbles and embolism unlike vessels

Question 20

How does the ratio of tracheids and vessels differ?

Answer 20

by environment and genetics, with dry areas having more tracheids

Question 21

How do xylems differ between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Answer 21

angiosperm have both tracheids and vessels, while gymnosperms only have tracheids

Question 22

How are cell walls formatted on xylem?

Answer 22

thickening of the secondary wall is done in patterns

Question 23

What are the six types of cell wall patterns?

Answer 23

annular (rings)
spiral/helical
scalariform (ladderlike)
Reticulate
simple pit
bordered pit

Question 24

How do annular tissues differ?

Answer 24

develop early, and susceptible to being ripped open as others tissues develop into them

Question 25

What type of patterns are found in pine?

Answer 25

bordered pit tracheid

Question 26

How to distinguish reticulate and pitted?

Answer 26

pitted is perfectly circular

Question 27

How are holes formed on vessels?

Answer 27

When stacks of vessels mature, portions of cell walls dissolve as the connect to adjacent vessels

Question 28

How does water mov?

Answer 28

From a lower salt to a higher salt/ from high water potentiontal to lower water potential

Question 29

How does water move in plants?

Answer 29

pressure ( gravity) and osmosis

Question 30

what is adhesion and cohesion?

Answer 30

Water molecules cohere to another due to hydrogen bonds, and adhere to the cell walls of xylem

Question 31

How does adhesion and cohesion allow water transport?

Answer 31

Adhesion allows water to move togheter and prevent empolism
transpiration moves water up from a high to low water potential

Question 32

What is root pressure?

Answer 32

osmotic force pushes water upward from the roots, driven as the plant actively absorbs water and minerals

Question 33

Example of gravity helping water transport

Answer 33

plants where shoots are lower than roots

Question 34

Water transport traits in plants

Answer 34

efficient (large plants can move tons of water a day) and selfless

Question 35

Why can’t trees grow infinitely tall?

Answer 35

high humidity and high water potential in the air prevent sufficient transportation

Question 36

How do desert plants adapt?

Answer 36

having more tracheids