Seeds

Question 1

What group had the first true tree?

Answer 1

Progymnosperm

Question 2

What are progymnosperm characteristics?

Answer 2

extinct plant group that transitioned from ferns to seed plants

spores but seedless

gymnosperm-like wood with secondary growth

fern-like foliage

Question 3

What occurred during the Devonian period?

Answer 3

lycophytes emerged in the beginning

seed plants emerged at the end

Question 4

What is a tree?

Answer 4

plants with a tall stem

does not have to produce wood (tree ferns are trees without wood/secondary growth, or monocots like coconut tree)

Not all woods are trees (carrots have secondary growth but not a tree)

Question 5

What is wood?

Answer 5

Secondary growth

Question 6

How did seeds originate?

Answer 6

terminal lycophyte sporangia

Sporangia becomes axial and becomes embedded by branches

branches fuse and encloses the sporangia

vegetative growth wraps around the sporangia with an opening at the top

Question 7

Ancestry of seeds

Answer 7

Evolution occurred in one common ancestry, unlike wood

Question 8

What are gymnosperms?

Answer 8

naked seeds

Question 9

Where do seeds develop in gymnosperms?

Answer 9

on surface or tip of an appendage- not encased with in

ex- in cones of overlapping structure, but not enclosed

Question 10

What is an angiosperm?

Answer 10

clothed seeds

Question 11

Where are seeds found in angiosperms?

Answer 11

Within fruit, which may open and release

Question 12

What are features of seed plants?

Answer 12

spore producing

heterosporous

endosporic gametophyte

Question 13

What is an endosporic gametophyte?

Answer 13

reduced gametophyte confined within the spore

Question 14

What does the megaspore mother produce?

Answer 14

up to four megaspores through meiosis in the megasporangium

Question 15

What happens to the megaspores produced by the mother cell?

Answer 15

one becomes a functional megaspore, the rest degenerate

megaspore then develops into a female gametophyte

Question 16

What is the integument?

Answer 16

layer that wraps around the seed layer in the evolution of the seed, outside the seed coat (2n)

Question 17

What is the nucellus?

Answer 17

tissue between the megaspore and the integument (2n)

Question 18

Where is the ovary wall in angiosperms?

Answer 18

around the integuments

Question 19

What is the micropyle?

Answer 19

opening in the integument acting as a channel for the pollen tube to fertilize the egg

Question 20

What is the megasporangium?

Answer 20

collection of integument, megaspore, and nucellus

Question 21

Where does the megaspore get nutrients?

Answer 21

from parent sporophyte

Question 22

What does the mature female gametophyte produce?

Answer 22

egg

Question 23

Where is the male gametophyte found?

Answer 23

within the microspore

Question 24

What is the pollen grain?

Answer 24

male spore with male gametophyte within in

Question 25

What is pollenation?

Answer 25

transfer of pollen to region near ovules, not fertilization yet

Question 26

WHat are the parts of the seed?

Answer 26

embryonic sporophyte (2n)

female gametophyte (n) (“meat” in seeds. What we eat in pine nuts)

megaspore wall (n)

megasporangium/ nucellus (2n)

integument (2N0

Question 27

What part of seed is diploid?

Answer 27

embryo, megasporangium, and integument

Question 28

How is a seed formed?

Answer 28

when fertilization occurs and embryo develops

Question 29

Why are the certain seed structures diploid?

Answer 29

integument and sporangium is from the parent sporophyte

Question 30

Why are certain seed structures haploid?

Answer 30

megaspore wall and female gametophyte is from the gametophyte

Question 31

What is the seed coat?

Answer 31

the integument, megaspore wall, and megasporangium

Question 32

What does the female gametophyte do for the seed?

Answer 32

acts as a food supply

Question 33

What are methods of seed dispersal?

Answer 33

fruits, wind (sunflower), adherence (biden’s alba), and fleshy fruit (mango)