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Plant Bio > Primary Growth > Flashcards

Primary Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What is plant growth? (2)

A

cell division (mitosis) + cell elongation (tissue differentiation/ maturation)

fewer cells become more, and smaller cells become larger

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2
Q

What is plant growth regulated by?

A

done by hormone regulation and epigenetic factors

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3
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

when plants grow as long as they live

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4
Q

What is indeterminate growth determined by?

A

water transportation- the taller the tree becomes, the more water potential required to transport water throughout the tree

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5
Q

What is the meristem?

A

a small region of the plant that have special parenchyma that possess the ability to divide continuously

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6
Q

Where is the apical meristem found?

A

tips of roots and shoots

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7
Q

What does the apical meristem allow?

A

allows plants to grow taller into the air, and roots deeper into the soil

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8
Q

What is the lateral meristem?

A

the vascular bundle

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9
Q

What does the lateral meristem allow?

A

cell division allows the bundle to grow wider, allowing the plant to grow wider

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10
Q

Where is the intercalary meristem found?

A

often found in monocots like coconut and bamboo

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11
Q

Where is intercalary meristem in the bamboo?

A

the nodes

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12
Q

What is found above the intercalary meristem?

A

above the meristem, the internodes is found, or the zone of elongation

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13
Q

Where is the meristem in grass, and its importance?

A

meristem is found at the base
this allows grass to be cut but to grow again

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14
Q

What is the oldest part of the plant?

A

area that connects the roots to the main stem is the oldest portion of the plant

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15
Q

Why is it advantageous to grow taller but not wider?

A

improves competition for light

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16
Q

How does carving signify growth difference between bamboos and other trees?

A

when carving into the bamboo, after growth, the carving will be stretched due to the way bamboo grows (internodes grows longer)

in trees, it only grows wider or grows from the top, so the carving stays at the same height

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17
Q

What is primary growth, adn when does it occur?

A

growth of the apical meristem

occurs in the beginning of the plant lifecycle, still continues even when secondary growth begins

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18
Q

What does primary growth allow?

A

plants to grow taller and roots to grow deeper

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19
Q

What is the root cap?

A

where the root apical meristem is found, where primary growth occurs

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20
Q

What is the protoderm?

A

the edge of the cap, which becomes the epiderm

21
Q

What is the procambium?

A

differentiates into the vascular tissue, found at the middle of the root cap

22
Q

What is the ground meristem?

A

matures to form ground tissue, between procambium and protoderm

23
Q

Where is the apical meristem in shoots?

A

the tip of the leaves

24
Q

What is the leaf primordia?

A

where the new leaf develops

25
Q

How does differentiation occur?

A

after division, regulated by hormones and the environment.

in different parts, different hormones are received to differentiate

26
Q

Where are the fruits in a strawberry?

A

the seeds, while the flesh is the receptacle

27
Q

How do tissues develop?

A

similarly at first, with thinner cell wall tissues developing first

28
Q

When do thicker cell wall tissues develop?

A

after the thinner ones, tearing into the thinner, mature tissues

29
Q

What is protoxylem?

A

xylem with thin cell walls which mature fastest. Often dead because they are torn.

30
Q

What is metaxylem?

A

xylem that mature last, with thick cell walls. Living

31
Q

What is protophloem?

A

Dead phloem which mature first.

32
Q

What is metaphloem?

A

living phloem which mature later.

33
Q

Three characteristics of plant hormones

A
  1. same hormone can regulate different processes
  2. same hormone can respond differently in different plant or plant parts
  3. plant hormones can interact
34
Q

How can plant hormones be manipulated?

A

through humans election, regulation, and environment, to cause the same plant to grow differently. like cruciferous vegetables.

35
Q

What are auxins? 5

A

the most well-studied hormone which promotes cell elongation (maturation, not divison),
gravitropism and phototropism,
vascular cambium activation,
leaf abscission and senscence,
and fruit maturation

36
Q

What is gravitropism

A

plant growing against (negative, like shoot growth) or towards (positive, like roots) gravity

37
Q

What is phototropism?

A

a quick reaction that is directional growth towards or away from light

38
Q

How does auxin control phototropism?

A

auxin is distributed on the backside of the shoot, away from light. Allows auxin to grow faster, shoot bending towards the light.

39
Q

What is apical dominance?

A

auxin concetration at the apical meristem, allow growth.

40
Q

How does apical dominance affect growth?

A

cutting apical meristem off prevents plant growth

41
Q

What is leaf abscission?

A

when leaves fall due from the stem

42
Q

What is senscence?

A

process of aging, observed during temperature change like autumn

43
Q

How does auxin promote senescence?

A

auxin production decreases as it gets colder

44
Q

How does leaf abscission occur?

A

cool short days > ethylene production > auxin reduction > abscission

45
Q

How does fruit maturation and auxin correlate?

A

when seeds are removed, no auxin is applied, leads to no fruit (if auxin is applied, fruit is produced)

46
Q

What is gibberellins?

A

promotes cell elongation, like longer grapes

47
Q

What are cytokinens?

A

stimulates cell division in roots and shoots meristem, and prevents plant senescence

48
Q

How is cytokinins used commercially?

A

applied to prolong shelf life

Plant Bio (22 decks)

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