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Microanatomy > Vascular System > Flashcards

Vascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of a typical muscular blood vessel?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Tunica intima

A

Endothelium, sub-enthelium tissue with loose CT and capillaries, and internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Circularly arranged smooth muscle cells separated by collagen and elastic fibers

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4
Q

Tunica adventitia

A

Connective tissue
Adventitia in vessels with thick walls contain vasa vasorum that supply nutrients to the media of thick vessels

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5
Q

What are the 2 main systems in the body?

A

Blood circulatory and lymphatic

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6
Q

Blood circulatory/ Cardiovascular system

A

Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, defense cells, heat, blood cells and hormones around the body
Maintains pH and temperature

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7
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Transports tissue fluid, lymphocytes, and fats (gut) to the circulatory system
Absent in the CNS and bone marrow

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8
Q

What is structures are included in the systemic blood vessels?

A

Beginning from the heart, the vessels include elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, venules and veins

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9
Q

what separates T. media and T. adventitia in larger muscular arteries?

A

External elastic lamina

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10
Q

Elastic artery characteristics

A

Internal elastic lamina inconspicuous
T. media: thick with elastic and smooth muscle cells
Ex: aorta and brachiocephalic trunk

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11
Q

What do elastic fibers do in elastic arteries?

A

Stretch duirng systole
Coil during diastole
Help maintain continuous flow in vessels during diastole

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12
Q

Artery layers classification

A

4 or more: muscular artery
1-3: arteriole

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13
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest arteries with less than 0.1 mm in diameter and a narrow lumen
Internal elastic lamina present
T. media has 1-3 muscle cell layers

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14
Q

What is the function of the arteriole?

A

Regulate blood pressure

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15
Q

Metarterioles

A

Between arterioles and capillaries
Surrounded by an incomplete layer of smooth muscle (precapillary sphincters)

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16
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Contraction prevents blood from entering the capillaries
Open: blood moves from metarterioles to capillaries then to venules
Closed: blood bypasses capillaries, moves directly from metarterioles to venules

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

8-10 um in diameter
Endothelial layer, basal lamina, pericytes
3 types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal (discontinuous)

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18
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Permit the exchange of gases, fluids, metabolites and other substances between blood and connective tissue

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19
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Endothelial cells (continuous) with junctional complex between cells
Pinocytic vesicles in the cell cytoplasm
Continuous basal lamina and pericytes outside BL

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20
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

Nervous tissue, muscle, CT, exocrine glands and lungs

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21
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Continuous basal lamina and endothelial cells
Wall perforated with fenestrate (60-80 nm)

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22
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

With a diaphragm: endocrine glands, intestine, pancreas
Without a diaphragm: glomerulus of kidney

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23
Q

Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries

A

Larger than others, 30-40 um
Large fenestrations between edothelial cells
Discontinuous basal lamina

24
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, adrenal cortex and anterior pituitary

25
Q

Venules size

A

Postcapillary venules: 20-50 um
Muscular venules: 50-100 um

26
Q

Venules characteristics

A

Endothelial layer
Basal lamina
Collagen fibers to 1-2 cells thick smooth muscle layer

27
Q

What are the function of venules?

A

Exchange of metabolites and diapedesis (entry of leukocytes into the CT by squeezing through the intercellular junctions)

28
Q

Veins vs. Satellite artery

A

Larger lumen, usually filled with blood, thinner T. intima and T. media, thicker T. adventitia

29
Q

Venules vs. Arteriole

A

Venules have a larger lumen, a thinner wall, more blood cells in the lumen

30
Q

Vein sizes

A

Small: up to 1 nm
Medium: 1-10 mm
Larger: more than 1 cm (vena cava and pulmonary)

31
Q

Vein characteristics

A

Have T. media, intima and adventitia
Has valves
Large veins have smooth muscles in the adventitia

32
Q

What is the function of arteriovenous anastomoses?

A

Blood goes to metarterioles to venules and bypass capillaries
Play an important role in skin’s thermoregulation

33
Q

Valves

A

Two semilunar folds composed of CT rich in elastic fibers
Lined on both sides by endothelium

34
Q

Veins Innervation

A

Supplies by sympathetic fibers that cause vasoconstriction
Some blood vessels have cholingeric sympathetic innervation capable of producing vasodilation

35
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Begin as blind-ended channels
Single layer of endothelial cells with or without fenestrations
Lack TJs
Discontinuous basal lamina

36
Q

Function of lymph capillaries

A

Collect excess tissue fluid (lymph) and return it to the venous system

37
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Possess valves and
Larger lumen and thinner walls than small vein
Enter lymph nodes before they empty into lymph ducts
Afferent entering node, efferent leaving node

38
Q

Lymph ducts

A

Similar in structure to larger veins
T. media has longitudinal and circular smooth muscle cells
T. adventitia is poorly developed
Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct

39
Q

Usual sequence of blood flow

A

Heart –> elastic artery –> muscular artery –> Arteriole –> metarteriole –> capillary –> venule –> vein –> heart

40
Q

Where are arteriovenous anastomoses present?

A

Skin, penis ovary

41
Q

Where is an arterial portal system present?

A

Kidney glomerulus
Capillaries interposed between 2 arterioles
Afferent arteriole: gives rise to mass of capillaries
Efferent: gives ride to capillary networks (peritubular and vasa recta) surround nephrons

42
Q

Where is a venous portal system present?

A

Liver, veins into capillary or sinusoid network draining into a vein
Vein interposed between 2 capillary networks

43
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

44
Q

What is the heart innervation?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

45
Q

Heart impulse generating and conducting system

A

SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
Bundle of His (purkinje fibers)

46
Q

Helical arteries

A

Subendothelial tissue has longitudinal smooth muscle cushion which helps regulate blood flow
Penis and uterus

47
Q

Umbilical artery

A

T. muscularis has inner circular and outer longitudinal layer

48
Q

Skull Arteries

A

Lamina elastica interna is very thick
T. muscularis is thin

49
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Capillaries - blood vessel - capillaries
Gut arteries–> capillaries –> portal vein –> liver sinusoids
–> hepatic vein
In liver and intestines

50
Q

What are other portal systems of the body?

A

Hypothalamus- hypophyseal portal system
Renal portal (only in avian)

51
Q

What are the 2 phases of the heart?

A

Contraction (systole)- active phase when energy expended
Relaxation (diastole)- resting phase

52
Q

What forms the microcirculatory bed?

A

Arterioles, capillaries, post capillary venules

53
Q

Portal system

A

Blood draining from capillary bed of one structure
Flows through larger vessels to supply the capillary bed of another structure then returns to the heart

54
Q

Pericardium

A

Pericardial sac with serous percardium (parietal and visceral layer)

55
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral layer of pericardium
Provides support to the outside

56
Q

What are the parts of the epicardium?

A

Mesothelium: provides serous fluid
Subepicardial: Loose CT and adipocytes, support, protect and insulate the heart

57
Q

Endocardium

A

Endothelium and subendothelium CT
Sub CT tissues connect endocardium to myocardium

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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