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Microanatomy > Nervous system development > Flashcards

Nervous system development Flashcards

1
Q

Steps in neural tube formation

A
  1. Ectoderm overlying notochord thickens = neural plate (neuroectoderm)
  2. Folding of neural plate
  3. Fusion of neural plate
  4. Cr. and cd. neural openings= neuropores
  5. Separation of neural tube from the overlying ectoderm
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2
Q

Neural crest cells formation

A

Before fusion, cells at both ends of neural tube separate and form neural crest cells

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3
Q

What do neural crest cells differentiate into?

A

PNS (sympathetic, motor neurons), melanocytes, odontoblasts, adrenal medulla, cr. and facial bones, CT of pharyngeal arches

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4
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

CNS

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5
Q

When does neuropores close for a human?

A

Cr. : 25 days
Cd. : 28 days

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6
Q

What are the 3 flexures of the neural tube?

A

Midbrain
Cervical
Pontine

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7
Q

Midbrain flexure

A

Level of mesencephalon (disappears in domestic animals)

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8
Q

Cervical flexure

A

Brain and SC (persist slightly in domestic animals)

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9
Q

Pontine Flexure

A

Junction of metencephalon and myelecenphalon but direction is opposite to midbrain and cervical

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10
Q

The ______ part of the ______ becomes spinal cord

A
  1. Distal
  2. neural tube
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11
Q

What are the 5 vesicles of the neural tube?

A

1& 2: Forebrain (prosencephalon)- telecephalon and diencephalon
3. Mid brain (Mesencephalon)
4 & 5: Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)- metencephalon and myelencephalon

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12
Q

Structures derived from the telecephalon (forebrain)

A

Cerebrum
Lateral ventricles
Olfactory (1) - sensory

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13
Q

Structures derived from the diencephalon (forebrain)

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus
3rd ventricles
Optic nerve (2)

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14
Q

Structures derived from the midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Midbrain
Mesencephalic aqueduct
Oculomotor (3) and trochlear (4) nerves- motor

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15
Q

Structures derived from the metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum
4th ventricle
Trigeminal nerve (5)- sensory (mostly) and motor

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16
Q

Structures derived from the myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata
Fourth ventricle
C6-12

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17
Q

Terminal end of the SC in relation to the vertebral column

A

Dog: L 6 & 7
Ruminants: S1
Swine: S 1& 2
Horse: S2
Cat: L7- S3`

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18
Q

Myelencephalon cranial nerves

A

Abducent (motor)
Facial (motor mostly and sensory)
Vestibulocochlear (sensory)
Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor)
Vagus (Sensory and motor)
Accessory (motor)
hypoglossal (motor)

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19
Q

What are the parts of the neural tube?

A

Ependymal
Mantle
Marginal
Dorsal (alar) plate:
Ventral (basal) plate
Roof
Floor

20
Q

Ependymal

A

Line brain cavities, central canal of the SC, lines choroid plexus

21
Q

Mantle

A

Neuroblast: neurons
Gliablast: glia cells
Gray matter of the CNS

22
Q

Marginal

A

White matter of the CNS
Axons of neurons
Glia cells

23
Q

Dorsal (alar) plate

A

Sensory neurons
Association neurons (form bulk of nervous system except motor neurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons)

24
Q

Ventral (basal) plate

A

Extends up to the mesencephalon
Motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles
Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons located in the lateral horn of the SC

25
Q

Roof

A

Dorsal
Pathway for nerve fibers crossing from one side to the other

26
Q

Floor

A

Ventral
Pathway for nerve fibers crossing from one side to the other

27
Q

Where do nerves originate from?

A

Axons of neurons in ganglia or nuclei

28
Q

What originates from neural crest cells?

A

Dorsal root ganglia
Autonomic ganglia
Schwann cells
Satellite cells

29
Q

Where does sensory nuclei and motor nuclei of cr. nerves originate?

A

Alar plate
Basal plate 1

30
Q

Where do sympathetic fibers originate?

A

Nuclei in the lateral horn of the thoraco-lumbar SC

31
Q

Where do parasympathetic fiber originate?

A

Nuclei in brainstem (fibers in 3, 7, 9 and 10)
Nuclei in the lateral horn of the sacral SC

32
Q

Where is gray matter?

A

Dorsal horn: association neurons (dorsal plate)
Ventral horn: alpha motor neurons (ventral plate)
Lateral horn: sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (sacral)

33
Q

Where is white matter

A

Axons of neurons
Neuroglia cells

34
Q

Meninges

A

Dura mater: mesoderm
Pia-arachnoid: neural crest cells
4 ventricles: 2 later (cerebrum), 3 (thalamus), 4 (pons, medulla oblongata)

35
Q

What connects the lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle?

A

Interventricular foramen

36
Q

What connected the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

37
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Accumulation of CSF in the ventricular system
Caused by excess fluid production, impaired drainage, blockage in the ventricles (cerebral aqueduct)

38
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

Cerebral hemispheres are replaced by 2 fluid sacs
Caused by malformation of mantel layer of telencephalon

39
Q

Cerebellar dyplasia and atrophy

A

Purkinje cells and granular neurons are affected
Common in kittens and calves
Caused by prenatal viral infection

40
Q

Dysraphias

A

Results from defects in the normal closure of neural tube

41
Q

Cr. Bifida

A

Cleft in neurocranium
Meningocele: meninges herniate
Meningoencephalocele: meninges in cerebal hemissphere herniate
Common in sheep and pigs

42
Q

What causes cr. bifida?

A

Failure to close frontal/ parietal suture
Defect in the closure of cr. part of neural tube

43
Q

Spinal bifida

A

Affects the SC
Meningocele: meninges herniate
Meningomyelocele: Meninges and SC herniate

44
Q

What is spinal bifida caused by?

A

Defect in the formation and fusion of verteral arch which is related to the abnormal closure of nerual tube

45
Q

Anencephaly

A

Absence of telencephalon and much of diencephalon
Cranium fails to develop which is caused by dysraphias of cr. neural tube

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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