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Microanatomy > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bones?

A

Support
Protection
Movement
Electrolyte balance
Blood formation

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2
Q

What is the only way that bone grows?

A

Appositional mechanism

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3
Q

What is the macroscopic structure of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphyses (growth plate), metaphysis
Marrow cavity
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
Marrow spaces

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4
Q

Marrow cavity

A

A central space that contains bone marrow cells

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5
Q

Articular cartilage

A

The joint surface between 2 bones

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6
Q

Periosteum of the long bone

A

An outer covering that contains bone marrow cells and an inner osteogenic layer of stem cells
Absent at articular cartilage

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7
Q

Endosteum

A

Marrow spaces and trabeculae of spongy bone

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8
Q

Macroscopic structure of the cranial bone (flat)

A

Outer plate
Diploe
Inner plate

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9
Q

Periosteum of the cranial bone (flat)

A

Covers the outer surface of both the inner and outer plates
The inner plate is fused with the duramater of the cranial cavity

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10
Q

How are the inner surfaces of both plates in a cranial bone lined?

A

Marrow spaces of the diploe and are lined by endosteum

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11
Q

Microscopic structure of the compact bone

A

Ground substance containing inorganic calcium and phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite)
Cells
Type 1 collagen in the matrix (lamellae)

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12
Q

How are the lamellae of the compact bone classified as?

A

Outer circumferential under the periosteum
Inner circumferential under the endosteum
Concentric (osteons)
Interstitial between osteons

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13
Q

What cell types are in the compact bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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14
Q

What is the bone organic bone matrix made of?

A

Type 1 collagen fibers
Non mineralized (chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate) ground substance

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

Area involved in elongation between diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones

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16
Q

What is the bone inorganic bone matrix made of?

A

Hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphorus) mineralized osteoid

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17
Q

What is spongy bone called in flat bones?

A

diploe

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18
Q

Primary/ Woven bone

A

Newly formed, immature bone, rich in osteocytes
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts numerous in surrounding endosteum
Low mineral content

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19
Q

Where isn’t primary bones replaced in adults?

A

Tooth sockets, insertions of some tendons

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20
Q

What is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair?

A

Primary bone

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21
Q

Secondary (Mature) Bone

A

Found in adults
Lamellar bone (calcified matrix, 3-7 micrometers thick)
Matrix organized as lamellae

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22
Q

Osteon

A

Haversian System
Concentric body lamellae surrounding small Haversian canal with blood vessels, osteocytes, nerves and loose CT

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23
Q

Cement line

A

Outer boundary, collagen rich layer of osteon

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24
Q

Haversian Canal

A

Single trophic unit in osteon
Involves the common nutrition
(circle in the middle of the bone)

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25
Q

Volkmann’s Canal

A

Connects adjacent Haversian canals
Connect the periosteum and endosteum bringing blood vessels to the bone
(long skinny tunnels)

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26
Q

Mature Osteon

A

Lined by osteoprogenitor cells
Haversian canal is narrow
Regular lamelle
React to stain

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of osteons?

A

1) mature osteons
2) forming osteons
3) Resorption osteons

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28
Q

Interstitial systems

A

Remnants of osteons after remodeling
Present between regular osteons
Irregular lamellar structures without central Haversian canal

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29
Q

Forming osteons

A

Haversian canal lined by osteoblasts

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30
Q

Resorption osteons

A

HC lined by osteoclasts
HC wide and irregular

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31
Q

Remodeling of bones

A
  1. Resorption of osteons
  2. Osteoblasts appear in the resorption cavity and start building a new generation of osteons
  3. Remnants of the previous osteon forms in interstitial system
    Continues throughout life
32
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Occurs when new bone tissue is deposited on the surface of the bone (thickening)
Osteoprogenitor cells
Solid matrix

33
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Produces longer bones as the cartilage lengthens and is replaced by bone tissue
Addition within
Chondroblasts
Denser matrix

34
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Stem cells found in the endosteum, inner layer of the periosteum and the Haversian canal

35
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiation

A

They multiply and:
1) become osteoblasts at sites where new bone must be synthesized
2) Become chondroblasts in an environment of low oxygen tension

36
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells
Found in same location as osteoprogenitor cells and bone surface
Synthesize osteiod matrix
Large, rounded branched cells, basophilic

37
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature osteoblasts surrounded by their own matrix
Lie in lacunae interconnected by canaliculi (communication and exchange)
Branched

38
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone eating cells found on the bone surface
Multinucleated, derived from monocytes
Lie in Howship’s lacunae (enzyme eroded depressions)

39
Q

Osteoid

A

Uncalcified matrix made of type 1 collagen and ossseomucoid

40
Q

What stimulates osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteoblasts?

A

Stress and fractures –> which build a new bone

41
Q

How do neighboring osteocytes in a mature osteon connect with each other?

A

Via cytoplasmic process that lie in the canaliculi and this allows osteocytes to get nutrients from distant vessels

42
Q

What are the functions of osteocytes?

A

Maintenance of bone density, homeostasis, and blood concentration of calcium and phosphate
Calcium continuously renewed by osteocytes

43
Q

Ruffled border

A

On the side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface
Composed of finger-like projections of the cell membrane extending to the Howship’s lacunae
Increase the surface area of bone resorption

44
Q

What are the functions of osteoclasts?

A

Resorption, remodeling and bone repair

45
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum
Small oval/elongated, pale cytoplasm and oval nuclei

46
Q

Characteristics on the osteoclasts

A

Large, multinucleated
Acidophilic
Ruffled border facing bone marrow

47
Q

Clear zone

A

An area of cytoplasm that seals off an acidic micro-environments containing lysosomal enzymes
Bone resorption occurs here

48
Q

What is tranfered into the clear zone?

A

Collagenase and protons from osteoclasts, that break down collagen fibers and calcium salts

49
Q

What phagocytizes the remnants of bone resorption?

A

Osteoclast

50
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

Decreases serum calcium levels and deposits it in bone through a reduction in osteoclastic activity
Encourages bone tissue formation that can b used in clinical treatment of osteoporosis
Produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

51
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Porous bone
Disease where density and quality of bone are reduced
Old age and post-menopausal women
Bone resorption increases more than bone formation

52
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Formation of bones
1) Intramembranous ossification
2) Endochondral ossification

53
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Composed of interconnected trabeculae that surround cavities filled with bone marrow
Bone matrix with osteocytes

54
Q

What is each trabecula lined with in spongy bones?

A

By endosteum containing osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

55
Q

Bone marrow

A

Soft tissue present in the marrow cavity of a long bone and in the spaces of a spongy bone
Red and yellow types

56
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Marrow cavity of all bones in young animals that are filled with red marrow (myeloid/ hematopoietic tissue)

57
Q

Yellow Bone marrow

A

In adults the red marrow will turn into fatty yellow tissue except in the skull, vetebrae, sternum and pelvic girdle

58
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Occurs in embryonic development
Develop in fibrous sheets called trabeculae
Mesenchymal cells lining trabecula in the presence of blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts, which synthesize osteoid, then is calcified

59
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Matrix of preexisting hyaline cartilage is eroded and replaced by osteoblasts producing osteoid

60
Q

What are the trapped osteoblasts in the calcified matrix?

A

Osteocytes

61
Q

How is spongy bone converted to compact bone?

A

When the trabeculae at the surface of the bone continue to grow and calcify until the spaces between them are filled in

62
Q

What are some examples of intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull
Part of the scapula and pelvic girdle
Mandible
Maxilla
Calvicle

63
Q

Steps for endochondral ossification

A

1) Formation of periosteal collar in the periphery
2) Hypertrophy of cartilage cells in the center of the cartilage models
3) Calcification of cartilage matrix
4) Degeneration of cartilage cells
5) Infiltration of periosteal bud carrying blood vessels and osteoblasts in the middle of the cartilage matrix
6) Replacement of woven bone by lamellar bone
This repeats until until the entire cartilage is replaced by bone except epiphyseal plate

64
Q

Zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Reserve cartilage cells (resting)
Zone of cell proliferation
Zone of hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
Zone of ossification

65
Q

What way CAN’T bones grow?

A

Interstitial mechanism because cells cannot multiply in a calcified matrix

66
Q

Steps in intramembranous ossification

A

1) capillaries grow into mesenchyme and release oxygen
2) surrounding mesenchymal cells round up, differentiate into osteoblasts and form osteoid
3) osteoid mineralizes. Osteoblasts become osteocytes
4) bone spicules form and enlarge to form trabeculated of immature bone
5) A single plate (table) of bone are formed
6) immature bone is replaced by mature bone
7) remodeling continues, and two tables of bone are formed
8) The two tables are separated by Diploe

67
Q

Parathormone (parathyroid hormone)

A

Increases osteoclastic activity which increases bone lysis, release of calcium and PO4

68
Q

Growth hormone

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland
Stimulates overall growth of the body

69
Q

Excess growth hormone during growing years

A

Gigantism

70
Q

Excess growth hormone during in adult years:

A

acromealgy

71
Q

Deficiency of growth hormone during growing years?

A

Dwarfism

72
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Calcium deficiency in adults
Deficient calcification of newly fromed bone and decalcified of already formed bone

73
Q

Rickets

A

Calcium deficiency in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
In children
Deformed epiphyseal plates

74
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

Genetic disorder characterized by heavy bones due to defective osteoclastic activity

75
Q

Bone Fracture healing

A

Blood vessels torn bleed which clots to produce a large hematoma.
Clot is gradually removed by macrophages and replaced by a soft fibrocartilage- like mass ( procallus tissue) rich in collagen and fibroblasts. If broken, the periosteum re-establishes continuity over this tissue.
Procallus tissue is invaded by regrowing blood vessels and osteoblasts.
Later( few weeks) fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by trabeculae of primary bone, forming a hard callus throughout the original area of fracture.
Primary bone is remodeled as compact and cancellous bone in continuity with the adjacent uninjured areas and fully functional vasculature is re-established

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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