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Microanatomy > Cytology > Flashcards

Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

Centrioles

A

Short, cylindrical, 9 groups of peripherally arranged 3 microtubules each
Source of basal bodies

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2
Q

What is 2 centrioles at a right angle called?

A

Centrisome

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, visible with LM
Has chromatin and nucleoli
F: controls/ regulates cell’s activities
Stains with hematoxylin

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4
Q

What is the nuclear material inside the nucleus?

A

Nucleoplasm

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5
Q

Cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2 and M

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6
Q

G1

A

Pre-duplication
Cells performs its specific functions

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7
Q

S

A

Synthesis Stage
Where the centrioles and DNA duplicate

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8
Q

G2

A

Post duplication stage
Cell finishes replicating and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division

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9
Q

M

A

Mitotic Stage
Cell forms 2 daughter cells

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10
Q

G1, G2 and S make up ________

A

Interphase

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11
Q

Nuclear Degenerative Changes

A

Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

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12
Q

Pyknosis

A

Clumping Chromatin

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13
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Breaking down chromatin

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14
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution of chromatin

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15
Q

Phospholipid

A

Molecules arranged in a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic ends facing the CM
Barrier for things to go in and out the cells

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16
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylindrical, 25 nm
Provide support and moving organelles
Part of the cytoskeleton, centriole, basal body, cilium, flagellum
Lumen surrounded with B protofilaments of globular proteins called tubulin

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17
Q

Active Transport

A

Carrier- mediated transport of solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient
Requires ATP
EX: calcium pump, sodium-potassium pump

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18
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient

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19
Q

Renewing cells

A

Body cells continuously replaces @ a fixed interval

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20
Q

When are blood cells replaced?

A

120 days

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21
Q

When are leukocytes and GI epithelial cells replaced?

A

2-3 days

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22
Q

When are skin cells replaced?

A

2-3 weeks

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23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of ribosomal proteins and RNA
F: protein factory
3 types of RNA: tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

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24
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to ribosomes

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25
Q

mRNA

A

Carries code for amino acid sequence

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26
Q

rRNA

A

Produces ribosomes with the ribosomal proteins that are responsible for mRNA translations

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27
Q

Proteins in the cell membrane

A

2% CM 50% of the CM weight
2 types: transmembrane and peripheral
Function: receptors, enzymes, cell identity markers, second-messenger system, channel proteins, carriers, cell adhesion molecules

28
Q

Transmembrane Proteins

A

Have hydrophilic regions facing the cytoplasm and ECF, and hydrophobic regions passing back and forth through the lipid of the membrane
EX: glycoproteins

29
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Don’t protrude through the phospholipids but adhere to the one face of the membrane

30
Q

Cell

A

The smallest unit of life capable of independent existence

31
Q

Cytoplasmic Inlcusions

A

Metabolic byproducts
Endogenous: Pigments, glycogen, lipids, secretory granules
Exogenous: dust, bacteria, viruses

32
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Semi-permeable with 3 laminae (each 2-3 nm thick)
Made of 98% lipids and 2% proteins

33
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive transport
Movement of particles from high concentration to low
EX: transport of oxygen into the blood stream

34
Q

What is diffusion directly affected by

A

Temperature, molecule weight, concentration gradient and surface area

35
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Spherical bodies, 0.5-1.2 nm diameter
Uses O2 to oxidize organic molecules –> produces H2O2–> broken into wtaer and O2 by catalyze enzyme

36
Q

Where are peroxisomes abundant q

A

Liver and kidney cells
they neutralize free radicals and detoxify drugs, alcohol and blood-borne toxins

37
Q

Lysosomes

A
  1. Primary: homogenous
  2. Secondary: heterogenous
  3. Tertiary: contain undigested material (lipofuscin pigment/ residual body)
38
Q

Autophagy

A

Cells using lysosomes to digest old organelles

39
Q

Lysosomes in neutrophils and macrophages

A

Digest/ dispose foreign material

40
Q

Lysosomes in the liver

A

Break down glycogen

41
Q

Autolysis

A

Uses lysosomes to shrink its size after pregnancy

42
Q

Golgi Complex

A

A stack of flat cisternae with inner face (cis, forming) and outer face (trans, maturing)
Supranuclear
Stained paraffin sections wit silver stain
F: receives proteins from RER, processes them, then sorts them to their cytoplasmic destinations

43
Q

Rough ER

A

Cisternae covered with ribosomes
F: Synthesizes proteins destined for other organelles

44
Q

Smooth ER

A

Cisternae that lacks ribosomes
F: Liver- synthesizes steroids, detoxifies alcohol and drugs, stores and releases calcium

45
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a membrane

46
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane, cristae
Circular DNA, ribosomes and calcium ion in matrix
F: powerhouse of the cell
Involved in ATP synthesis and the Kreb’s cycle

47
Q

The mitochondria synthesizes ____ mitochondrial proteins

48
Q

Stable Cells

A

Body cells
Normally don’t divide but can divide in response to disease/ injury
EX: liver cells

49
Q

Static Cells

A

Body cell
Never divide, stem cells aren’t present
EX: neurons, cardiac cells
G0 phase for life

50
Q

Apoptosis

A

Process of programed cell death that occurs continuously in all organs throughout life

51
Q

Filtration

A

Passive transport
Driven by hydrostatic pressure
EX: transport of water, salts, nutrients

52
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Moves large particles, droplets of fluid or numerous molecules at once
Contained in vesicles or vacuoles

53
Q

Actin

A

Microfilament
6 nm thick and form part of cytoplasmic skeleton in all cells
Associated with pinocytosis, endocytosis and exocytosis and migratory activities of the cell

54
Q

Intemediate

A

Microfilament
Resists stress placed on cell and forms part of junction
Tonofilaments

55
Q

Types of intermediate filaments in the epithelium

56
Q

Types of intermediate filaments in the mesenchymal

57
Q

Types of intermediate filaments in the muscle

58
Q

Types of intermediate filaments in the Glial cells

A

Flial fibrillary acidic protein

59
Q

Types of intermediate filaments in the neurons

A

Neurofilaments

60
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking
Bulk transport of small molecules, nonspecific
Example: pinocytic vesicles in epithelial cells in kidney

61
Q

Endocytosis

A

Brings matter into the cell

62
Q

Exocytosis

A

Removes matter from the cell

63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Absorption of large particles by means of pseudopods
Occurs only on specialized cells (macrophages and neutrophils)

64
Q

Passive Transport

A

Requires ATP
Ex: filtration and diffusion

65
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP
EX:carrier-mediated and vesicular transport

66
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the carrier-mediated transport through a membrane down its concentration gradient, but it does not consume ATP,

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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