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Microanatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves outside of the CNS and ganglia

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3
Q

What do motor nerves do?

A

Transmit impulses from the CNS to the body
Divided into somatic and autonomic systems

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4
Q

What do sensory nerves do?

A

Transmit impulses to the CNS

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5
Q

What is the autonomic system further divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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6
Q

What are the cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons
Neuroglia cells

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7
Q

Neurons

A

Conduct impulses
Consists of multiple dendrites and a single axon (cell body + processes)

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8
Q

Cell body

A

Perikaryon
Has a nucleus, RER (Nissl body), golgi, lipofuscin and neurofilaments and microtubules

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9
Q

T/F: Lipofuscin increases with age

A

True

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10
Q

Dendrite

A

Transmits impulses towards the body
Contains organelles except golgi
Has arborized terminals (permits a neurons to receive stimuli from other neurons)

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11
Q

Axon

A

One axon per neuron
Conducts impulses away from the body
Originates from the axon hillock
Lacks organelles except microtubules and neurofilaments

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12
Q

Where does the axon terminate?

A

In many branches called telodendrions that form synapses with dendrites of other neurons

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13
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A

Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pseudo-unipolar

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14
Q

Unipolar

A

Single process
Rare in vertebrates
Present in developing NT

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15
Q

Bipolar

A

Single axon with a single dendrite
Present in sense organs

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16
Q

Mutlipolar

A

Possess a single axon and more than 1 dendrite
Most common

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17
Q

Pseudo-unipolar

A

Possess a single process that branches into an axon and dendrite
Present in spinal and cranial ganglia

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18
Q

Neuroglia cells

A

Support, nurture and protect neurons

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19
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia cells?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

Feet like process that surround blood vessels and form a part of the blood-brain barrier
Protoplasmic in gray matter
Fibrous in white matter

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21
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Located in white and gray matter
Produces myelin for several axons in the CNS

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Small, phagocytic, derived from monocytes (mesoderm)
Condensed, elongated nucleus

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23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line neural tube and ventricles of the brain
Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid
Have cilia (moving CSF)

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24
Q

Schwann cells

A

Located around the PNS
Synthesize myelin sheath (for one axon)

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25
Q

Synapse

A

Sites where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another or a muscle cell (neuromuscular)

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26
Q

What are the different types of synapses?

A

Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic (rare)

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27
Q

Synaptic morphology

A

Axon terminal, presynaptic membrane (Ca++ channels), postsynaptic membrane and synaptic cleft

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28
Q

What are the different types of neurotransmitters?

A

Acetycholine
Norepinephrine
Glutamic acid
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Dopamine
Serotonin
Glycine

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29
Q

Where is Acetylcholine (ACh) released?

A

Released at myoneural junctions, all parasympathetic synapses, and preganglionic sympathetic processes

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30
Q

Where is Norepinephrine released

A

At postganglionic sympathetic synapses

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31
Q

Where are glutamic acid, Gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, serotonin, glycine normally released?

A

Released at neuronal synapses in the brain

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32
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by CT sheaths

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33
Q

Epineurium

A

Surround nerves

34
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds fascicles

35
Q

Endoneurium

A

Surround nerve fiber

36
Q

What is an individual nerve fiber enveloped by?

A

A myeline sheath (produced by Schwann cell in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS)

37
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Regions along the length of the nerve fiber
Lack myelin sheath
Discontinuities between adjacent Schwann or oligodendrocytes

38
Q

What do the axolemma at the nodes contain?

A

Many Na+ pumps and allows saltatory conduction

39
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Jumping of the AP from one node to the next

40
Q

What are the different types of nerve fibers?

A

Type A, B and C

41
Q

Type A nerve fiber

A

Myelinated, thick, conduct impulse at 15-100 m/sec

42
Q

Type B nerve fiber

A

Moderately myelinated
Thinner than A
Conduct impulse at 3-14 m/sec

43
Q

Type C nerve fiber

A

Thin, unmyelinated
May or may not be covered in Schwann or olgd.
Conduct impulse at 0.2-2 m/sec

44
Q

Ganglia

A

Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
Ex: dorsal root ganglion sensory and motor

45
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Consists of a minimum of 2 (usually more) neurons
Parts: receptor, afferent limb, integrating center, efferent limb, effector

46
Q

What does white matter have.

A

Nerve fibers and nueroglia cells

47
Q

What does Gray matter have?

A

Neurons, nerve fibers and neuroglia cells

48
Q

Meninges

A

Cover and protect the CNS
3: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater
Spaces: epidural, subdural and subarachnoid)

49
Q

Dura mater

A

Fused with periosteum in brain (no epidural space), free in SC
Thick dense CT lined with simple squamous

50
Q

Arachnoid

A

Thin membrane lined by simple squamous
Connected by trabeculae to the pia mater

51
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, vascular membrane attached to the nervous tissue

52
Q

Spinal Cord

A

White matter in outside (dorsal and ventral columns)
Gray matter inside (dorsal and ventral and lateral)
Horns (central canal lined by ependymal cells)

53
Q

Cerebellar Cortex

A

Gray matter outside
White matter inside
3 layers: molecular, purkinje cells and granular layer

54
Q

Molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

Mainly cell processes , few nuclei

55
Q

Purkinje cells

A

Multipolar neuron
Each cell receives thousands of excitatory and inhibitory impulses

56
Q

Granular layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

Closely packed small granule cells
Receptor neurons

57
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Cells and fibers arranged in layers
Number depends on the area of brain and species
Large domestic species: 3-4 layers
Molecular –> External granular –>

58
Q

What is in the molecular layer of cerebral cortex?

A

Fibers and nueroglia cells

59
Q

Granular layers of the cerebral cortex

A

External: granule cells
Internal: small granule cells
Cells are receptor neurons

60
Q

Pyrimidal layers of the cerebral cortex

A

External: small pyramidal
Internal: large pyramidal
Cells are motor neurons and dominant

61
Q

What is in the pyramidal layers of the cerebral cortex?

A

External: small pyramidal cells
Internal: large pyramidal cells
Cells are motor and dominant neurons

62
Q

Layers in order of the cerebra cortex

A

Molecular –> External granular –> External pyramidal –> Internal Granular –> Internal pyramidal –> Fusiform

63
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Un-fenestrated endothelium with tight junctions between endothelial cells and thick basal lamina surrounded by astrocytes

64
Q

Choroid plexus:

A

Folds of pia mater in brain ventricles
CT core covered by simple cuboidal ependymal cells
Secrete CSF

65
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fills the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the SC and subarachnoid space
Produced by choroid plexus

66
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed by arachnoid vili into venous sinuses of the brain

67
Q

What can’t nerves do?

A

Divide and can’t be replaced when injured so nerve fibers regenerate

68
Q

Steps of nervous tissue regeneration and degeneration

A
  1. Wallerian degeneration (degeneration of nerve fiber distal to site of injury)
  2. Primary degeneration (degeneration of a small part of the fiber proximal to the injury)
  3. Chromatolysis (loss of Nissl bodies and lateral migration of the nucleus)
  4. Proliferation of schwann cells which form tube like structure
  5. Re-growth of fibers by sprouting
  6. Growth of nerve fiber sprout into the tube
  7. Eventual re-connection of the nerve fiber with the muscle
69
Q

When are neuromas formed?

A

If nerve fibers fail to connect with the muscle (horses)

70
Q

Receptors

A

Peripheral specialized nerve endings of afferent neurons which respond to environmental changes

71
Q

Exorecptors

A

Receptors associated with ectoderm

72
Q

Non-encapsulated receptors

A
  1. Free nerve endings in the epidermis(touch and pain)
  2. Merkel’s disc in skin and buccal cavity (touch)
73
Q

Encapsulated receptors

A
  1. Pacinian corpsule: pressure, a large lamellar body found in skin, nipples, genitalia and tendon
  2. Meissner’s capuscle: touch and tactile found in fingers, lips, nipple, genitalia
74
Q

What are the different proprioceptors?

A

Muscle spindle
Golgi tendon

75
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Stretch receptors within skeletal muscle that apprise in the CNS about the sense of motion, muscles, joints and tendons

76
Q

What are the different parts of muscle spindles?

A

Extrafusal fibers: norm skeletal m. fibers
Intrafusal fibers
Innervation (sensory): Type la (center) and Type IIa

77
Q

What are intrafusal fibers?

A

Modified skeletal muscle fibers that consist of central nuclear bag fibers and peripheral nuclear chain fibers

78
Q

Golgi tendon

A

Tension receptors in tendon
Composed of encapsulated collagen fibers supplies by type Ib sensory fibers

79
Q

When is the Golgi tendon stimulated?

A

When the muscle contracts too strenuously and the tension on the tendon increases

80
Q

How does the golgi tendon prevent further contraction?

A

Impulses from type Ib fibers inhibit the alpha efferent motor neuron to the muscle

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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