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Microanatomy > Blood System > Flashcards

Blood System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the viscosity (density) of blood?

A

4-5 (water is 1)

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2
Q

What is the mean pH of blood?

A

7.4

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3
Q

What is the osmolarity of blood?

A

Concentration of solutes in plasma
280-320, mean- 300

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4
Q

What is the salinity of blood?

A

Concentration of NaCl in the blood
0.85%

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5
Q

How is the temperature of blood?

A

Slightly higher than “normal” body temperature

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6
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

Carrier for nutrients (O2, CO2, waste products, proteins, hormones)
Thermoregulation
Maintains normal fluid balance and pH
Clinical diagnostic tools

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7
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Oxygen from the lungs
Nutrients from digestive tract
Metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys
Hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (45%, PCV or hemocrit)
  2. Buffy coat (leukocytes/ platelets 1%)
  3. Plasma
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9
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

91%-92% water
8-9% solutes (proteins, lipids, electrolytes)

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10
Q

Staining of blood cells

A

Blood smear dried
Fixed in alcohol
Stained with Romanowsky’s stains

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11
Q

What are the different Romanowsky’s stains?

A

Wright’s (mix of methylene blue and eosin)
Giesma

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12
Q

Erythrocytes characteristics

A

Biconcave discs
Central pallor
Largest on dogs, smallest on goats/ sheep

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13
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Slight variation in RBC size

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14
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Variation on RBC shape
Common in goats and deer

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15
Q

What causes sickle cell?

A

Due to inherited alteration in Hb

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16
Q

Rouleau formation

A

Stacking RBCs
Common in horses and cats
Intermediate in dogs and pigs
Rare in ruminants

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17
Q

Reticulocytes

A

Immature RBC
Contain RNA and polysomes
Reticular mesh when stained with methylene blue but not wrights stain

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18
Q

Blood smear of reticulocytes

A

1-2% seen on smears of dogs and cats
Not seen on horses and ruminants

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19
Q

When do reticulocytes increase?

A

In anemia in all species except horses

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20
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

Nuclear fragments that appear as basophilic inclusions within RBCs
Normally seen in dogs and cats

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21
Q

Heinz Bodies

A

Results from the oxidation of Hb and appear as refractile, light, pale areas in Hb (cats especially)

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22
Q

What is the average life span and size of RBC in cattle?

A

160 days
5.5 um

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23
Q

What is the average life span and size of RBC in dogs?

A

120 days
7 um

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24
Q

What is the average life span and size of RBC in horses?

A

145 days
5.7 um

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25
Q

What is the average life span and size of RBC in goats ?

A

125 days
3.2 um

26
Q

What is the average life span and of RBC in sheep?

27
Q

What is the average life span on RBC in cats ?

28
Q

What is the average life span on RBC in pigs ?

29
Q

Leukocytes

A

Made of granulocytes and agranulocytes
Predominate in dogs and cat

30
Q

Granulocytes (WBCs)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

31
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

32
Q

Neutrophils

A

12-15 micrometers
Multi-lobed nucleii with barr bodies in females
First line of defense
Pale azurophilic granules (non-specific lysosomes)

33
Q

Leukocyte makeup

A

Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils - 2-8%
Basophils- 0-2%
Monocytes- 3-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-40%

34
Q

How do neutrophils circulate?

A

Circulate for 6-14 hrs –> emigrate to CT and function for 48-96 hr –> die or leave body via digestive epithelium

35
Q

When do nuetrophil numbers increase?

A

During bacterial infections

36
Q

Eosinophils

A

10-15 micrometers
Bilobed nuclei
Increase during parasitic infections
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complex
Microphage

37
Q

How do Eosinophils look in horses?

A

Large
Brick-red
Mulberry-like shape

38
Q

How do Eosinophils look in cattle?

A

Small
Round
Fill the cell

39
Q

How do Eosinophils look in dogs?

A

Few to many
Vary in shape
Rarely fill the cell

40
Q

How do Eosinophils look in cats?

A

Rod shaped
Grayish orange

41
Q

Basophils

A

10-15 micrometers
Nuclear lobe taken up by basophilic granules
IgE receptors
F: secrete histamine, heparin and serotonin

42
Q

Monocytes

A

Largest blood leukocyte
12-18 micrometers in diameter
Large and kidney shaped nucleus
Vacuoles in cytoplasm in activated cells

43
Q

What happens to monocytes in the CT

A

When they emigrate to the Ct they differentiate into macrophages

44
Q

Lymphocytes count in leuokocytes (different animals)

A

Dogs, cats, horses- 20-40%
Ruminants, rats, mice- 60-70%
Pigs- 50-60%

45
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Small 6-9 micrometers (dogs and cats)
Large 9-15 micrometers (cows)
T&B cells
Heterochromatic

46
Q

Thrombocytes

A

2-3 micrometres
9-12 day life span
Formed from cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes
F: blood clotting and sealing defects in wall of blood vessels

47
Q

When do lymphocytes increase?

A

During chronic infections

48
Q

Where are thrombocytes nucleated?

A

Fish, reptiles, birds

49
Q

Thrombocytes makeup

A

Cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane containing mitochondria, dense bodies, alpha granules in center, and microtubules and microfilaments in periphery

50
Q

What is the average life span on RBC in camalidae?

51
Q

What is the average life span on RBC in birds?

51
Q

What is the average life span on RBC in birds?

52
Q

Total leukocytes

A

Horse: 5.5-12.5 x10^3
Cattle: 4-12
Dog: 6-17
Cat: 5.5-19.5
Sheep: 4-12
Swine: 11-22

53
Q

What does the presence of reticulocyte and rubricyte indicate?

A

Regenerative anemia (increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes)

54
Q

Heterophils

A

Neutrophils in rabbits, guinea pigs, avian, reptile, amphibian and some fish
Granules are large and reddish

55
Q

Anemia

A

Condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells.

56
Q

What is eosinophils anti-inflammatory role?

A

Inhibits histamine in hypersensitivity reaction

57
Q

Microcytosis

A

When RBC size is smaller than normal range

58
Q

Polycythemia

A

Type of blood cancer
Causes bone marrow to make too many RBCs
Thicken blood, slowing flow (blood clots)

59
Q

Macrocytosis

A

When RBCs are lager than normal
Detected in blood tests

60
Q

Basophilic stippling

A

Basophilic granules dispersed through the cytoplasm of RBC in the blood smear
Cases of lead poisoning or heavy toxic metals

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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