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Microanatomy > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Why does interstitial fluid continuously move from capillaries into CT?

A

Due to hydrostatic pressure

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2
Q

What happens when there are too few plasma proteins in blood

A

Osmotic pressure decreases within vessels
Fluid leaks out of vessels into CT

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Tissue fluid that brings nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and oxygen from the blood and dumps waste products into lymph

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4
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Major component of CT
Made of protein fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Connective Tissue is formed by what components?

A

Cells, fibers and ground substance

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6
Q

Where does CT originate?

A

Mesenchyme

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7
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

An embryonic tissue made of mesenchymal cells

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8
Q

What are the functions of CT?

A

Binding organs
Support
Physical protection
Immune protection
Movement
Storage
Temperature Regulation
Transport
Repair/ degeneration of damaged organs

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9
Q

Local CT cells

A

Formed locally and remain in the CT
EX: Mesenchymal, fibroblasts, pericytes, mast, adipocytes

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10
Q

Wandering CT cells

A

Formed elsewhere and remain in the CT transiently
EX: macropahges, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils

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11
Q

CT structures of the body

A

Bone, tendon, blood, fascia, organ capsules, fat

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12
Q

What is the only cell that’s able to leave the blood stream and return?

A

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What cell is formed elsewhere and remains in the CT permanently?

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

Undifferentiated stem cells present throughout the body
Have long cytoplasmic processes, dispersed chromatin in the nuclei

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15
Q

What are the other types of mesenchymal cells?

A

Chondroblasts (cartilage)
Osteoblasts (bone)
Hemocytoblasts (bone marrow)
Fibroblast (CT)

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16
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Mature form of fibroblast, less active synthetic activity
Inactive at the time seen
Less RER than fibroblasts
Smaller, darker, elongated nucleus
Spindle shaped

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17
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Active permanent cells
Abundant in RER and Golgi bodies
Most prevalent CT cell type

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18
Q

Fibroblasts function

A

Synthesize collagen, reticular and elastic fibers and amorphous extracellular substance (GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins)
Associated with wound healing

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19
Q

Macrophages

A

Originate in the bone marrow as monocytes
Mononuclear cells
Rich in lysosomes
Function: phagocytosis, breakdown aged cells

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20
Q

How do monocytes turn into macrophages?

A

Monocytes will circulate into the blood, then migrate to the CT, where they mature into functional macrophages

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21
Q

Function of macrophages

A

They remove large particles and form a second line of defense in the body

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22
Q

What are on the surface of macrophages?

A

IgG and IgM receptors

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23
Q

Giant cell

A

Macrophages fusing together
Multinucleated and capable of phagocytosing larger foreign bodies

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24
Q

Epithelioid cells

A

Formed when macrophages may encircle the foreign body- they become active

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25
Q

What macrophages are distributed around the body and make up the mononuclear phagocytic system?

A

Monocytes (blood)
Kupffer cells (liver)
Microglia cells (nervous system)
Langerhans cells (skin)
Dendritic cells (lymph node)
Osteoclasts (bone)
Giant cells (CT)

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26
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

In groups near blood vessels
Loose CT (dermis- lamina propria of respiratory and digestive tracts)

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27
Q

Granules of the mast cell

A

Water soluble (metachromatic)
Contain histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor and leukotriene C
Release in inflammatory responses/ allergic reactions

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28
Q

Metachromatic

A

Cell components changing color with metachromatic dyes
Blue dyes to red or purple
Ex: mast cells and basophils

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29
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant

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30
Q

What do the outer surfaces of mast cells contain?

A

Ige receptors that mediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylactic shock)

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31
Q

What does the exposure to foreign antigen lead to? (mast cell)

A
  1. The production of Ige antibodies –> which bind to receptors on the surface of mast cells –> which then become sensitized to the antigen
  2. Triggers mast cells to de-granualte and release histamine and leukotriene C
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32
Q

What does the release of histamine do?

A

Increases the permeability of blood vessels (edema) and contraction of smooth muscles cells, which then can lead to dyspnea

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33
Q

Eosinophil chemotactic factor

A

Attracts eosinophils at the edema site, which secrete a factor that breaks down histamine and the anaphylactic responses become less severe

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34
Q

What does the release of leukotriene C do?

A

Induces contraction of smooth muscles, but at a slower rate than histamine

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35
Q

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

A

Lymphoid stem cells of the bone marrow

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36
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells

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37
Q

B cells

A

Originate and differentiate in the bone marrow
Differentiate into plasma cells
Called for humoral immune responses (antibodies)
5-15% of blood lymphocytes

38
Q

T cells

A

Originate in the bone marrow but differentiate in the thymus
Secrete cytokines
Call for cell-mediated immune repsonse
80-90% of blood circulating lymphocytes

39
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Attack foreign cells directly

40
Q

What are the subtypes of T cells

A

Helper, supressor and killer

41
Q

When do B and T cells increase?

A

They increase in number in viral infection , surgical transplantation and leukemia

42
Q

Null cells

A

Type of lymphocyte
Lack surface receptors characteristics for T and B cells
Have cytotoxic activity against tumor cells

43
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Sites of chronic inflammation
Sites of high risk of invasion (lamina propria of the intestinal and respiratory tracts)

44
Q

Plasma cells

A

Antibody producing cells that arise from activated B lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Nuclear chromatin pattern, basophilic cytoplasms
Aggregates the RER

45
Q

Neutrophils

A

Originate in bone marrow
Multi-lobed, cytoplasm rich in lysosomes
Phagocytic
Number increase in bacterial infection

46
Q

Where do neutrophils go?

A

Circulate in the blood, the migrate to the CT and don’t re-circulate after leaving the blood (CT is the action site and graveyard)

47
Q

Which cell is the first line of defense?

A

Neutrophils

48
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bilobed nucleus, cytoplasm contains eosinophilic granules
Mildy phagocytic
Phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes

49
Q

When do eosinophil number increase?

A

Parasitic infestations and allergic reactions

50
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

To cleave histamine and moderate the allergic reaction

51
Q

Pericytes

A

Undifferentiated stem cells located adjacently to the basal lamina of capillaries
Branched with flattened nuclei

52
Q

Collagen

A

Made of protein tropocollagen and polypeptide chains
Tough, flexible, resists stretching
Most abundant fiber in the body
Form wavy bundles and stain eosinophilic with H&E
Extracellular

53
Q

Type I collagen fiber

A

Most abundant and strongest
Consists of bundles of fibers
Eosinophilic
Present in skin, tendons bone and dentin

54
Q

Type II collagen fiber

A

Loose aggregates of fibrils
Present in hyaline cartilage and vitreous body

55
Q

Type III collagen fiber

A

Thin reticular (argyrophilic) fibers
Present in skin, blood vessels and lymphoid tissue

56
Q

Type IV collagen fibers

A

Invisible
Amorphous
Detected by special stains
Present in the basement membrane

57
Q

Assembly of Fibrillar Collagens

A

After secretion, they assemble into collagen fibrils
Then the collagen fibrils aggregate into collagen fibers

58
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Thin type III collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein
They form a sponge-like framework around parenchymal organs (spleen, kidney, uterus, liver lymph nodes)
Stained with PAS and black with silver stain

59
Q

What is another name for reticular fibers?

A

Argyrophilic fibers

60
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Branch, made of elastin protein
Stretch and recoiling abilities
Stained with Van Gieson or Weigert’s elastic
Found in arteries, trachea, vocal cords, ligamentum nuchae, auricular cartilage, skin

61
Q

Yellow fibers

A

Fresh elastic fibers that are yellowish

62
Q

Ground Substance

A

Featureless substance occupying in life empty spaces appearing in tissue sections
Composed of GAG, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

63
Q

Glycoaminoglycan (GAG)

A

Composed of large polysaccharide molecules
Negatively charged
Attract sodium and potassium
Absorb and retain water

64
Q

What is GAGs important role?

A

Regulating water and electrolyte balance

65
Q

Examples of GAGs

A

Chondroitin sulfate abundant in blood vessels, cartilage and bone
Heparin
Hyaluronic acid

66
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Consists of a core protein where GAGs extend
It’s attached to hyaluronic acid, forming a large molecule, then slows the spread of organisms through the tissue to help hold cells together

67
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Protein-carbohydrate complex that bind plasma membrane to collagen and protoglycans outside the cell

68
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins

A

They bind all the components of a tissue together and make pathways that guide embryonic cells to migrate their destination in a tissue

69
Q

How does loose irregular CT compare to dense CT

A

Fewer fibers, more cells, more vascular, more abundant and less resistance to stress than dense CT

70
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Primarily of fibroblasts, thick and densely packed collagen fibers
Collagen fibers exhibit random orientation and provide strong tissue support
In areas where resistance to forces from different direction is needed
Dermis

71
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Densely packed with regular parallel orientation
Predominant cell: fibroblast
In tendons and ligaments that are attached to bones

72
Q

How does dense regular CT compare to dense irregular CT

A

Fewer cells, fewer vessels, more densely arranged fibers than dense irregular CT
EX: tendons

73
Q

Mucous CT

A

Loose CT composed of fibroblasts with several long cytoplasmic processes
Intercellular space is filled with jelly-like amorphous ground substance rich in hyaluronic acid and fibers
Type 1 collagen
EX: umbilical cord

74
Q

Mesenchymal CT

A

Gel-like amorphous matrix containing mesenchymal cells and a few reticular fibers
Present in the umbilical cord and embryos

75
Q

Elastic CT

A

Branching elastic fibers with few collagen fibers
Present in lungs, external ear, glottis, ligamentum nuchae and large blood vessels

76
Q

Reticular CT

A

Branched reticular fibers
Present in the bone marrow, lymphoid organs, surrounding liver sinusoids and smooth muscle cells

77
Q

Adipocytes

A

CT cells that store fat and produce a variety of hormones
Differenciate from mesenchymal cells and accumulate fat in their cytoplasm

78
Q

White adipose tissue

A

Unilocular adipose cells
All of the adipose tissue found in adults throughout the body
Stained with H&E
Function: store fat

79
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Multi-ocular adipose cells
Oxidizes fatty acids 20 times faster than white fat
Found in hibernating animals, infants
Function: Produce heat

80
Q

What are the 2 forces that act on the capillary wall?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure
Colloid Osmotic Pressure

81
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Generated by pumping action of the heart
Forces fluid out of the capillary wall

82
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

A

Results mianly from blood plasma proteins
Draws water back into the capillaries

83
Q

When does water move out at the arterial end of the capillary?

A

Because HP is greater than COP (blood pressure is higher)

84
Q

When does fluid move back at the venous end of the capillary

A

When COP is higher than HP because the luminal diameter of the capillary and the concentration of proteins increases

85
Q

What leads to edema?

A

Increased blood pressure –> increased fluid

86
Q

What results in the accumulation of fluid in the tissue?

A

The blockage of lymph vessels due to pressure or parasites and decreased tone in the values of lymph vessels

87
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Major component of CT
Made of protein fibers, ground substance and interstitial fluid

88
Q

Myo-fibroblast

A

Modified fibroblasts
Bundles of actin filaments
Abundant in areas of wound healing

89
Q

Leukocytes

A

Migrates from blood vessels to the CT, to sites of injury or inflammation
Types: Lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils

90
Q

Basophils

A

Lobed nucleus
Less than 1% in blood
Metachromatic granules that contain heparin and histamine
Has IgE receptors

91
Q

Fibroblast Structure

A

Spindle-shaped, elongated, many cell processes
Oval, pale staining regular nuclei, prominent nucleoli.

92
Q

Where may epithelioid cell granuloma occur?

A

at sites of intense inflammation

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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