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Microanatomy > Early Development And Basic Principles (embryology) > Flashcards

Early Development And Basic Principles (embryology) Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase the size of cells

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2
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells

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3
Q

What leads to neoplasia?

A

Abnormal hyperplasia

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4
Q

What are the different morphological processes?

A
  1. Localized growth
  2. Cell movement
  3. Apparent movement
  4. Aggregation of cells
  5. Folding
  6. Fusion
  7. Splitting
  8. Induction
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5
Q

Example of localized growth

A

Cells aggregate to form glands , teeth buds, hair follicles, etc.

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6
Q

Yolk sac endodermal cell movement

A

Cells migrate to the genital ridge and differentiate into germ cells

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7
Q

Neural crest cell movement

A

Cells migrate to form ganglia, odontoblasts in teeth, chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla

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8
Q

Apparent movement

A

Cells/ organs change relative positions “without movement” - adjacent tissues move

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9
Q

Aggregation of cells

A

Cells with similar characteristics tend to clump together
Example: formation of glands

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10
Q

Folding

A

Inward folding: invagination
Outward folding: evagination
Example: formation of neural tube that developed into nervous system

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11
Q

Fusion

A

Fusion of cells to form ridges, tubes
Examples: formation neural tube; formation of palate from fusion of palatine process maxilla

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12
Q

Splitting

A

Cells split and form another layer of detachment from the parent mass (delamination)
Example: formation of hypoblast coelom

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13
Q

Induction

A

A population of cells (inductor) acts upon another population to change the behavior of second population (induced)

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14
Q

Examples of induction

A
  1. Notochord (inductor) —> overlying neural ectoderm induced to form neural tube
  2. Neural tube (inductor) —> overlying ectoderm induced to form lens of the eye
  3. Epithelial - mesenchyme interaction: mesenchyme (inductor) induces the overlying epithelial to form glands
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15
Q

Morphogenesis

A

Formation of an organ with a definite morphology (size, shape, structure)
Ex: development of a gland from epithelium

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16
Q

Development of a gland from epithelium

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Thickening of epithelium
  3. Invagination of CT
  4. Proliferation of cells
  5. Branching of cells
  6. Arrangement of epithelial cells in acini
  7. Canalization to form lumen and duct system
  8. Disappearance of duct cells in endocrine glands
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17
Q

Teratogens

A

An agent which causes abnormal development

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18
Q

Teratogenic effects can differ depending on…

A

Developmental state
Dose
Genotype

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19
Q

Developmental state

A
  1. Pre-differentiation (usually causes death)
  2. Differentiation and organogenesis (causes structural malformations)
  3. Advanced morphogenesis (causes functional disorders)
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20
Q

Dose

A

Higher the dose, greater the teratogenic effect
Each developmental stage has a threshold dose

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21
Q

Genotype

A

Effects can vary among species between organs within the same species
Giving different species cortisone and thalidomide causes different effects

22
Q

Cortisone

A

Given at a certain stage will cause cleft palate in mice but not other species

23
Q

Thalidomide (sedative)

A

Given at 20-35 days and will cause hypoplasia of limbs in humans but not other mammals
Causes abnormal coiling of colon in pigs if given from 2-6 weeks

24
Q

Incomplete growth

A

Common anomaly
Aphasia or hypoplasia
Dwarfism, gonadal hypoplasia

25
Q

Failure to fuse

A

Common Anomaly
Cleft plate, septal defect in the heart and diaphragm

26
Q

Incomplete migration

A

Common Anomaly
Cryptorchidism, ectopic cordis

27
Q

Persistence of embryonic structures

A

Common Anomaly
Persistent pupillary membrane, persistent anal membrane

28
Q

Mal-positioning of embryonic structures

A

Dextrocardia (heart formed on right side)
Transportation of viscera (situs inversus)

29
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Ex: Paramesonephric duct degenerates on males (mullerian inhibiting syndrome)
Mesonephric duct degenerates in females (lack of testosterone)

30
Q

Why are the causative agents of teratogenic effect?

A

Abnormal gene
Abnormal chromosomes
Radiation
Hormone imbalance
Chemical agent
Infectious agent
Nutritional deficiencies

31
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

All cellular stages involved in the production of sperm (mitosis and meiosis)
Spermatogonia —> sperm

32
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Metamorphosis of spermatid to sperm (no division)

33
Q

Spermiation

A

Release of sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubules

34
Q

Which cells undergo mitosis?

A

Somatic cells
Produces genetically identical cells

35
Q

What is the significance of meiosis?

A

Achieving haploid chromos
Segregation of genes
Genetic exchange
Recombination of chromatids

36
Q

Which cells undergo meiosis?

A

Specific germ cells

37
Q

Prophase 1 of meiosis 1

A
  1. Leptotene: chromos visible
  2. Zygotene: homologous chromo pair up gene by gene (synapse), synaptonemal complex develops
  3. Pachytene: gene exchange, sister chromatids evident
  4. Diplotene: sites of crossing over
  5. Diakinesis: chromos separate and held by centromeres
38
Q

Metaphase 1 of meiosis 1

A

Alignment of homologous pairs at cell equator

39
Q

Anaphase 1 of of meiosis 1

A

Homologous chromosomes separate
Non-disjunction of chromos can occur here resulting in monosomy/ trisomy

40
Q

Telophase 1 of meiosis 1

A

Chromos reach the respective poles, cytokinesis

41
Q

Meiosis II

A

No DNA duplication
Prophase II (similar to mitosis)
Metaphase II
Anaphase II: sister chromatids become chromos
Telophase II`

42
Q

Euploidy

A

Abnormalities in chromo number involving whole sets of chromos
Ex: triploid, tetraploid

43
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormalities in chromo number
Cause: nondisjunction chromos
Ex: monosomy, trisomy

44
Q

Deletion

A

Loss of a part of a chromo

45
Q

Inversion

A

Change in the gene sequence on the same chromo

46
Q

Translocation

A

Transfer of a part of a chromo to another non homologous chromo
Cause: radiation

47
Q

Fusion

A

Whole chromosome may fuse with another chromo

48
Q

Chimera

A

Mixture of genotypes among cells of an individual
Cause: fusion between zygotes

49
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Trisomy, XXY, rare in domestic animals
EX: Male tricolor cat

50
Q

Turner

A

Monosomy, XO, phenotypic females, sterile
Reported in horse, sheep, pig and cat

51
Q

Free Martin

A

XX/XY mosaics, caused by mixing of blood supply of two fetuses
Common in cattle

Microanatomy (18 decks)

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