Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microanatomy > Urinary system > Flashcards

Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A

Paired kidneys, ureters, unpaired bladder and urethra
Transitional epithelium
Urethra: strat cuboidal to columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

Produce urine
Removal of waste products
Regulate electrolyte level
Maintaining acid base and electrolyte homeostasis
Regulate blood pressure and erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the kidney divided?

A

Morphologically divided into outer cortex and inner medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are kidnyes in domestic animals classified?

A

Uni-pyramidal, multi-pyramidal and multi-lobar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Uni-pyramidal

A

One pyramid
Cortical and medullary tissues fused into one lobe
In cats, dogs, horses and small ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Multi-pyramidal in pigs and man

A

Cortical tissue fused but medullary tissue is separate as pyramids within a lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Multi-pyramidal in adult cattle

A

Cortical tissue is partially separate and medullary tissue is separate as pyramids within a lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multi-lobar

A

Each lobe has a separate cortex and medulla
In seals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pelvis

A

Space (center) where urine collects
Lamina propria contains mucous glands in horses (frothy appearance of urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cortex

A

Outer region where most of the glomeruli found
Contains renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and initial portions of the collecting tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Medulla inner region

A

Collecting ducts empty into pelvis with thin segments of desc and asc. limbs, collecting tubules and papillary ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Medulla outer region

A

Contains thick and thin segments of descending limb, thick segments of the ascending limb and collecting tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the parenchyma of the kidney consist of?

A

Nephrons
Collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does each renal corpuscle have?

A

Glomerulus (branches of afferent arteriole)
Bowman’s capsule (sites for blood filtration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Loop of Henle have?

A

Descending limb (thick and thin segments)
Ascending limb (think and thick segments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Cortical and juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Renal corpuscles are in the periphery of the cortex
Have shorter loop of henle and extend to outer medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

RC located near the cortico-medullary junction
Longer LH, extend to tip of medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nephron

A

Urine forming parts
Filters blood and modify renal ultrafiltrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Collecting duct

A

Straight tubules that begin in cortex, descend into medulla and open at tip of papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Collecting duct function

A

Collect, modify and transport urine to the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Significance of a longer LH?

A

The longer the LH, the greater the urine concentration
Fish: short
Camel: longest amoung domestic animals
Birds: longer than camels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Renal corpuscle characteristics

A

150-200 microns
2 poles: vascular, urinary
F: blood filtration and renal ultrafiltrate formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vascular pole of the RC

A

Where afferent arteriole enters and efferent arteriole leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Urinary pole of the RC

A

Where renal ultrafiltrate leaves the capsular space and enters the PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the capsular space of the RC do?

A

Collects renal ultrafiltrate that enters the PCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Podocytes

A

Modified squamous cells of visceral layer
Feet-like primary processes (podocytes)
Secondary processes (pedicles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Bowman’s capsule characteristics

A

Visceral layer (inner)
Parietal layer (outer)
Layers enclose capsular space

30
Q

Visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

Inner layer
Surround capillaries’ endothelial cells
Made of podocytes

31
Q

Parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

Outer layer
Simple squamous cells that change into cuboidal cells of the proximal tubule

32
Q

What forms the blood-urine barrier?

A

Podocytes and endothelial cells of capillaries

33
Q

Macula Densa

A

Modified cells of the distal tubule next to modified smooth cells of afferent arteriole (juxtaglomerular cells)
F: Monitor changes in the osmolality and vol of fluid entering the DCT

34
Q

Blood-urine barrier

A

Endothelium (fenestrated)
Thick basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes
Pedicles separated by filtration slits

35
Q

Basal lamina of the blood-urine barrier

A

Charge and size barrier
Molecules smaller than 65 K can enter
Negatively charged heparin sulphate particles and glycoprotein

36
Q

Why is the glomerular filtrate formed?

A

Because glomerular capillaries are interposed between 2 arterioles (afferent and efferent) and have a higher hydrostatic pressure

37
Q

GF of a beagle

A

10 kg beagle will produce 37 ml of Gf perminute, 14 gallons a day
1% of filtrate will be excreted in urine and rest reabsorbed

38
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule absorption

A

100%reabsorption of glucose, amino acids and small proteins
80% reabsorption of NaCl and water

39
Q

PCT

A

Lined with simple high cuboidal epithelial cells
Brush border, pinocytic vesicles, lysosomes

40
Q

Mitochondria in PCT

A

Extensive infoldings that supply energy for active transport of Na+, K+ pump @ basolateral plasma membrane

41
Q

PCT secretion

A

Secrete into renal filtrate certain organic acids (creatinine) and foreign substances (drugs and toxic chemicals)

42
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

Lined by simple low cuboidal epithelial cells
Well developed infoldings that transport cells across basal cell membrane

43
Q

DCT cells

A

Na+ ions are removed from filtrate (5-10%) and are replaced by K+, H+ and ammonia ions, then K and H are secreted into the lumen

44
Q

What are the DCT cell processes stimulated by?

A

Aldosterone

45
Q

Function of DCT

A

Maintaining acid-base, electrolyte and K+ balance

46
Q

Hows does DCT compare to PCT?

A

DCT has larger lumen (no brush border and lower cell height), greater number of cells per cross section

47
Q

Thick descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle

A

DS is structurally and functionally like PCT
AS is structurally and functionally like DCT
Simple low to high cuboidal epithelium, diluting segments

48
Q

Thin descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle

A

20-25 mm
Lined by simple squamous epithelium
Function: Water retention and only animals with thin can concentrate urine

49
Q

Only the _____ descending limb is freely permeable to water

A

Thin

50
Q

T/F: The entire ascending limb is impermeable to water

A

True

51
Q

What are apart of the countercurrent mechanism for urine concentration?

A

Descending and ascending limbs, arterial and venous vasa recta in the medulla

52
Q

Collecting duct system

A

Arched and straight collecting tubules
Papillary ducts (high columnar)
2 cells: principal with light cytoplasm and intercalated with dark cytoplasm
Simple Cuboidal (cortex)

53
Q

When does an animal suffer from polyuria and polydipsia?

A

In the absence of ADH, urine is hypnotic

54
Q

What stimulates ADH release?

A

Dehydration and factors that lower blood pressure

55
Q

What decreases ADH secretion?

A

Alcohol

56
Q

Principal cells in the cortex

A

Absorb sodium and water under the effect of aldosterone and K secretion
Secrete hydrogen ions

57
Q

Principal cells in the medulla

A

Impermeable to water, and become permeable under the effect of ADH

58
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Dark cytoplasm due to many mitochondria, polyribosomes and membrane-bound vesicles
Secrete hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions- acid-base homeostasis

59
Q

Thick descending and ascending segments of Loop of Henle are sites of _________

A

diuretic action

60
Q

What does furosemide (loop diuretic) do?

A

Block Na+, K+ 2Cl cotransporter,

61
Q

What does thiazides (tubule diuretic) do?

A

Block Na+, Cl- cotransporter at the apical cell membrane resulting in retention of Na+ and water in the lumen

62
Q

What are the 3 components of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

JG cells, macula densa and extra-mesangial cells

63
Q

JG cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole
Endocrine and secrete renin

64
Q

Extra- mesangial cells

A

Lie between afferent and efferent arterioles

65
Q

Intra- mesangial cells

A

Lie within the RC
F: maintain the normal thickness of the basal lamina by phagocytosing foreign particles

66
Q

What is the function of the JG apparatus?

A

Maintain blood pressure

67
Q

How does JG maintain blood pressure?

A

Renin- angiotensin- aldosterone pathway
1.Decrease in fluid volume detected by macula densa cells
2. JG stimulated and secretes renin
3. Renin acts on angiotensin 1
4. angiotensin converted into angiotensin 2
5. angiotensin 2 to aldosterone
6. absorption of Na+ and water
7. Increased BP and homeostasis of water and ions

68
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do?

A

Leads to increased blood pressure (most potent vasoconstrictor)

69
Q

Blood supply to the kidney

A
  1. Renal artery branches to form interlobar arteries
  2. IA branch and turn into arcuate arteries
  3. AA branch and turn into interlobular arteries
  4. interlobular arteries branch to form afferent arterioles
  5. afferents break up into glomersular capillaries
  6. Blood filtered then leaves via efferent arterioles
  7. EA break into cortical peritubular capillaries that surround PCT, DCT and collecting tubules
  8. Fluid absorbed and enters back into circulation
70
Q

How often does the body blood pass through both kidnyes?

A

Every 4-5 minutes

71
Q

Ureter

A

Mucous glands in horses
T. muscularis (2-3 layers)
Inner longitudinal and outer circular
T. adventitia (outer long.)

Microanatomy (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions