Valvular, Pericardial, and Congenital Heart diseases Flashcards
Valvular stenosis =
obstruction
Valvular regurgitation =
incompetence
how do cardiac chambers adapt to Valvular regurgitation?
eccentric hypertrophy
how do cardiac chambers adapt to valvular stenosis?
concentric hypertrophy
Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from –
the left ventricle to the aorta It may also affect the pressure in the left atrium
causes of aortic stenosis
Post-inflammatory scarring (a.k.a. rheumatic valve disease)
Age-related calcific aortic stenosis
Congenital malformations (e.g. bicuspid AV)
what is Aortic regurgitation ?
aortic valve doesn’t close tightly and some blood backflows
causes of aortic regurgitation
Post-inflammatory scarring Congenital malformations Infective endocarditis Aortic aneurysms Collagen vascular diseases (e.g. Marfan syndrome)
what is mitral stenosis?
narrowing of the mitral valve, doesn’t open properly, no blood flow to LV
causes of mitral stenosis?
Post-inflammatory scarring (a.k.a. rheumatic heart disease)
what is mitral regurgitation?
blood backflow through mitral valve every time LV contracts
causes of mitral regurgitation?
- leaflet and commissural abnormalities (post-inflammatory scarring)
- abnormal tensor apparatus
- LV cavity and/or annular abnormalities
post inflammatory scarring is a cause for –
mitral stenosis
mitral regurgitation
aortic stenosis
aortic regurgitation
what is age-related calcific aortic stenosis?
Degenerative valvular disease due to progressive calcification and fibrosis
gross findings of age-related calcific aortic stenosis?
- nodular calcification on outflow valve surface
- no commissural fusion
- usually normal mitral valve
what is congenital bicuspid aortic valve?
two leaflets didn’t separate during dev in the womb
prevalence of congenital bicuspid aortic valve?
1-2% of live births
people with congenital bicuspid aortic valve are predisposed to –
progressive degenerative calcification
When does calcific aortic stenosis occur in congenitally bicuspid aortic valves?
before 65
what is acute rheumatic fever?
Immune-mediated, multisystem inflammatory disorder occurring 2-4 wks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis in about 3% of patients
causes of RF?
pan-carditis
what is the most important sequel of RF?
chronic valvular deformities, especially mitral stenosis (post-inflammatory scarring)
gross findings for RF?
- Fibrinous pericarditis
- Small, irregular warty valvular vegetations
what is the most distinctive lesion of RF?
Aschoff body
where can Aschoff body be found?
pancarditis (all layers of heart)
Describe Aschoff body
Foci of necrotic collagen surrounded by lymphocytes, plasma cells, & Anitschkow cells
Describe Anitschkow cells
Plump macrophages with abundant cytoplasm, central round nuclei with central, slender, wavy chromatin
