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Systems 1 > Topic 10 > Flashcards

Topic 10 Flashcards

1
Q

local pressure drop in arterioles is greater with –

A

vasoconstriction

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2
Q

capillary flows and pressures vary from –

A

region to region

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3
Q

when – increases to match work load, flows are not uniformly increased to all organs

A

cardiac output

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4
Q

during strenuous exercise, CO to brain is –

A

about the same

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5
Q

during strenuous exercise, CO to heart increases –

A

3.5x

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6
Q

large coronary arteries on the epicardial surface divide frequently and enter the myocardium to form a –

A

dense capillary network

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7
Q

areas of – on coronary arteries are subject to turbulent flow and lesions

A

bifurcation

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8
Q

when body is resting, coronary flow is about –

A

4% of total flow

200-225 ml/min

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9
Q

there is a – ration of capillaries to cells

A

1:1 ratio (among highest in body)

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10
Q

the majority of venous return goes to the RA via the –

A

coronary sinus

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11
Q

the coronary capillary circulation is embedded in the –

A

contracting myocardium

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12
Q

– feeds the coronaries

A

LV

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13
Q

when the left ventricle contracts, the pressure in the wall is – than the perfusion pressure in the coronary vessel

A

the same or greater than

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14
Q

left coronary blood flow is greatest during –

A

diastole

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15
Q

the oxygen tension in the venous blood leaving the – is the lowest of any venous blood in the body leaving little room for additional O2 extraction to meet any increased demand from heart

A

coronary capillaries

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16
Q

How do you meet increased myocardial O2 demand?

A

increase blood flow

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17
Q

coronary flow is primarily modulated by –

A

metabolic factors like adenosine and NO thru ANS, hypoxia, angiotensin, vasopressin and other drugs that modify flow

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18
Q

there is a strong correlation between – and coronary flow

A

myocardial metabolism

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19
Q

the coronary circulation is highly – and consists of a dense capillary bed designed to adequately supply the heart with oxygen

A

specialized

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20
Q

LV coronary flow is highly dependent on – since little perfusion is possible in the LV during systole

A

diastolic arterial pressure

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21
Q

compared to LV, RV flow is more –

A

balanced (constant)

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22
Q

cerebral blood flow is relatively independent of –

A

MAP

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23
Q

what regulates cerebral blood flow?

A

local hyperemia and autoregulation

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24
Q

cerebral neurons require an adequate supply of oxygen and – at all times

A

glucose

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25
Q

though only 2% of body mass, the CNS consumes nearly – of O2 at rest and maintains no energy reserves

A

20%

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26
Q

the changes in flow regulation via – occur gradually (over minutes) and do not protect the brain from sudden changes in MAP

A

vascular resistance

27
Q

there is – blood flow in pulp

A

a lot

28
Q

sympathetic stimulation of vessels that supply the pulp – their blood flow

A

reduce (vasoconstrict innervated tissue)

29
Q

stimulation via the – induces severe vasoconstriction in the vessels supplying the pulp and gingiva

A

cervical sympathetic chain

30
Q

stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (#9) elicit –

A

vasodilation of the gingiva but not the pulp

31
Q

what does not demonstrate a parasympathetic response

A

pulp

32
Q

How do you elicit vasodilation in the pulp?

A

surface stimulation of tooth or gingiva mediated by sensory nerve fibers that carry the signals to the brain and back inside the pulp

33
Q

what does irritation of tooth or gingiva during dental procedures result in?

A

increased blood flow to teeth

34
Q

the flow of saliva is tightly coupled to –

A

blood flow

35
Q

salivary glands secrete a lot of saliva (enzymatic secretions) and therefore require –

A

substantial blood flow

36
Q

both sympathetic (minor) and parasympathetic stimulation can – but parasympathetic is more effective

A

increase blood flow and watery secretions

37
Q

splanchnic

A

gut, intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver

38
Q

splanchnic circulation is an example of – circulation

A

portal (two capillary beds in series)

39
Q

visceral blood flows form the capillary beds of the stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver to –

A

portal vein

40
Q

from the portal vein, blood then flows into – for cleansing

A

hepatic sinuses in liver

41
Q

viscera and liver receive about 20-30% of – at rest which may drop to 3% during exercise

A

cardiac output

42
Q

cardiac output to kidneys

A

20%

43
Q

capillaries in kidneys are highly –

A

specialized

44
Q

– arteries and veins in cortex of kidneys

A

interlobular

45
Q

afferent and efferent arterioles with – capillaries are associated with the glomerulus

A

peritubular

46
Q

what is in the medulla?

A

vasa recta

47
Q

highly – capillaries permit high blood flows and diffusion of substances between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus

A

fenestrated

48
Q

– of the CO flows thru dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli

A

100%

49
Q

pulmonary capillaries are closely packed around the alveoli to permit –

A

rapid gas exchange

50
Q

shock exists whenever there’s a generalized – to tissues

A

severe reduction in blood supply

51
Q

occurs when cardiac pumping ability is compromised

A

cardiogenic shock

52
Q

cardiogenic shock can result from –

A

lowered CO (myocardial infarction
valvular disease
heart failure
arrhythmias)

53
Q

occurs when there’s a significant fluid loss

A

hypovolemic shock

54
Q

hypovolemic shock can result from –

A

hemorrhage
severe burns
chronic diarrhea
prolonged vomiting

55
Q

– shock occur when vasodilators are activated

A

anaphylactic and septic

56
Q

anaphylactic and septic shock can be due to –

A

severe allergic reactions or from toxins than lead to decreased venous pressures and vascular resistance

57
Q

occurs when vascular tone is decreased due to a reduction in sympathetic activity

A

neurogenic shock

58
Q

neurogenic shock can be due to –

A

severe anesthesia, deep pain or in a milder form with strong emotions

59
Q

certain emotional events can lead to a – response

A

vasovagal

60
Q

what tends to blunt all nerve activity particularly sympathetics?

A

anesthetics

61
Q

anesthetics –>

A

HR and contractility fall while vessels vasodilate

62
Q

what is the effect of anesthetics on blood pressure?

A

drop

63
Q

many response to stress occur from numerous sources including –

A

adrenal glands

64
Q

among the many hormones and factors released, – impact the cardiovascular system the most

A

catecholamines (mainly EPI) and cortisol

Systems 1 (22 decks)

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