Topic 10

Question 1

local pressure drop in arterioles is greater with –

Answer 1

vasoconstriction

Question 2

capillary flows and pressures vary from –

Answer 2

region to region

Question 3

when – increases to match work load, flows are not uniformly increased to all organs

Answer 3

cardiac output

Question 4

during strenuous exercise, CO to brain is –

Answer 4

about the same

Question 5

during strenuous exercise, CO to heart increases –

Answer 5

3.5x

Question 6

large coronary arteries on the epicardial surface divide frequently and enter the myocardium to form a –

Answer 6

dense capillary network

Question 7

areas of – on coronary arteries are subject to turbulent flow and lesions

Answer 7

bifurcation

Question 8

when body is resting, coronary flow is about –

Answer 8

4% of total flow

200-225 ml/min

Question 9

there is a – ration of capillaries to cells

Answer 9

1:1 ratio (among highest in body)

Question 10

the majority of venous return goes to the RA via the –

Answer 10

coronary sinus

Question 11

the coronary capillary circulation is embedded in the –

Answer 11

contracting myocardium

Question 12

– feeds the coronaries

Answer 12

LV

Question 13

when the left ventricle contracts, the pressure in the wall is – than the perfusion pressure in the coronary vessel

Answer 13

the same or greater than

Question 14

left coronary blood flow is greatest during –

Answer 14

diastole

Question 15

the oxygen tension in the venous blood leaving the – is the lowest of any venous blood in the body leaving little room for additional O2 extraction to meet any increased demand from heart

Answer 15

coronary capillaries

Question 16

How do you meet increased myocardial O2 demand?

Answer 16

increase blood flow

Question 17

coronary flow is primarily modulated by –

Answer 17

metabolic factors like adenosine and NO thru ANS, hypoxia, angiotensin, vasopressin and other drugs that modify flow

Question 18

there is a strong correlation between – and coronary flow

Answer 18

myocardial metabolism

Question 19

the coronary circulation is highly – and consists of a dense capillary bed designed to adequately supply the heart with oxygen

Answer 19

specialized

Question 20

LV coronary flow is highly dependent on – since little perfusion is possible in the LV during systole

Answer 20

diastolic arterial pressure

Question 21

compared to LV, RV flow is more –

Answer 21

balanced (constant)

Question 22

cerebral blood flow is relatively independent of –

Answer 22

MAP

Question 23

what regulates cerebral blood flow?

Answer 23

local hyperemia and autoregulation

Question 24

cerebral neurons require an adequate supply of oxygen and – at all times

Answer 24

glucose

Question 25

though only 2% of body mass, the CNS consumes nearly -- of O2 at rest and maintains no energy reserves

Answer 25

20%

Question 26

the changes in flow regulation via -- occur gradually (over minutes) and do not protect the brain from sudden changes in MAP

Answer 26

vascular resistance

Question 27

there is -- blood flow in pulp

Answer 27

a lot

Question 28

sympathetic stimulation of vessels that supply the pulp -- their blood flow

Answer 28

reduce (vasoconstrict innervated tissue)

Question 29

stimulation via the -- induces severe vasoconstriction in the vessels supplying the pulp and gingiva

Answer 29

cervical sympathetic chain

Question 30

stimulation of the parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve (#9) elicit --

Answer 30

vasodilation of the gingiva but not the pulp

Question 31

what does not demonstrate a parasympathetic response

Answer 31

pulp

Question 32

How do you elicit vasodilation in the pulp?

Answer 32

surface stimulation of tooth or gingiva mediated by sensory nerve fibers that carry the signals to the brain and back inside the pulp

Question 33

what does irritation of tooth or gingiva during dental procedures result in?

Answer 33

increased blood flow to teeth

Question 34

the flow of saliva is tightly coupled to --

Answer 34

blood flow

Question 35

salivary glands secrete a lot of saliva (enzymatic secretions) and therefore require --

Answer 35

substantial blood flow

Question 36

both sympathetic (minor) and parasympathetic stimulation can -- but parasympathetic is more effective

Answer 36

increase blood flow and watery secretions

Question 37

splanchnic

Answer 37

gut, intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver

Question 38

splanchnic circulation is an example of -- circulation

Answer 38

portal (two capillary beds in series)

Question 39

visceral blood flows form the capillary beds of the stomach, intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver to --

Answer 39

portal vein

Question 40

from the portal vein, blood then flows into -- for cleansing

Answer 40

hepatic sinuses in liver

Question 41

viscera and liver receive about 20-30% of -- at rest which may drop to 3% during exercise

Answer 41

cardiac output

Question 42

cardiac output to kidneys

Answer 42

20%

Question 43

capillaries in kidneys are highly --

Answer 43

specialized

Question 44

-- arteries and veins in cortex of kidneys

Answer 44

interlobular

Question 45

afferent and efferent arterioles with -- capillaries are associated with the glomerulus

Answer 45

peritubular

Question 46

what is in the medulla?

Answer 46

vasa recta

Question 47

highly -- capillaries permit high blood flows and diffusion of substances between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the glomerulus

Answer 47

fenestrated

Question 48

-- of the CO flows thru dense capillary network surrounding the alveoli

Answer 48

100%

Question 49

pulmonary capillaries are closely packed around the alveoli to permit --

Answer 49

rapid gas exchange

Question 50

shock exists whenever there's a generalized -- to tissues

Answer 50

severe reduction in blood supply

Question 51

occurs when cardiac pumping ability is compromised

Answer 51

cardiogenic shock

Question 52

cardiogenic shock can result from --

Answer 52

lowered CO (myocardial infarction valvular disease heart failure arrhythmias)

Question 53

occurs when there's a significant fluid loss

Answer 53

hypovolemic shock

Question 54

hypovolemic shock can result from --

Answer 54

hemorrhage severe burns chronic diarrhea prolonged vomiting

Question 55

-- shock occur when vasodilators are activated

Answer 55

anaphylactic and septic

Question 56

anaphylactic and septic shock can be due to --

Answer 56

severe allergic reactions or from toxins than lead to decreased venous pressures and vascular resistance

Question 57

occurs when vascular tone is decreased due to a reduction in sympathetic activity

Answer 57

neurogenic shock

Question 58

neurogenic shock can be due to --

Answer 58

severe anesthesia, deep pain or in a milder form with strong emotions

Question 59

certain emotional events can lead to a -- response

Answer 59

vasovagal

Question 60

what tends to blunt all nerve activity particularly sympathetics?

Answer 60

anesthetics

Question 61

anesthetics -->

Answer 61

HR and contractility fall while vessels vasodilate

Question 62

what is the effect of anesthetics on blood pressure?

Answer 62

drop

Question 63

many response to stress occur from numerous sources including --

Answer 63

adrenal glands

Question 64

among the many hormones and factors released, -- impact the cardiovascular system the most

Answer 64

catecholamines (mainly EPI) and cortisol