Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

congenital heart disease abnormality in the cardiovasculatory structures at birth even –

Answer 1

if discovered later

Question 2

half of CHD are diagnosed with the first few weeks of life and by age – almost all are diagnosed

Answer 2

five

Question 3

about – have CHD

Answer 3

1% of children

Question 4

origins of CHD

Answer 4

genetic or environmental

Question 5

with the exception of Down’s syndrome, most CHD are –

Answer 5

not a simple inheritance pattern

Question 6

two environmental origins

Answer 6

infection during pregnancy or ingestion of drug

Question 7

infection during pregnancy

Answer 7

rubella syndrome

Question 8

ingestion of drug

Answer 8

fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 9

when a L to R shunt becomes bidirectional or R to L (–> CHF and sudden death)

Answer 9

Eisenmenger syndrome

Question 10

patent foramen ovale seen in –

Answer 10

10-15% of adults with CHD

Question 11

If patent foramen ovale has R to L shunting, it becomes significant because of –

Answer 11

paradoxical embolism

Question 12

paradoxical embolism

Answer 12

embolus in the venous circulation –> arterial circulation

Question 13

patent ductus arteriosus is common in –

Answer 13

preterm infants

Question 14

clinical manifestations of patent ductus arteriosus depends on –

Answer 14

size and degree of increase in pulmonary circulation

Question 15

patent foramen ovale needs –

Answer 15

surgical correction

Question 16

patent ductus arteriosus needs –

Answer 16

closure

Question 17

most common lesion in infants

Answer 17

ventricular septal defects

Question 18

most VSD –

Answer 18

close off spontaneously

Question 19

VSD is susceptible to –

Answer 19

endocarditis

Question 20

aortic arch obstruction

Answer 20

coarctation of aortic

Question 21

coarctation of aortic is more common in –

Answer 21

males

Question 22

coarctation of aortic may lead to

Answer 22

HTN (extremities: upper = okay but lower = bad)

Question 23

in coarctation of aortic, femoral pulses are –

Answer 23

reduced and delayed

Question 24

chest x-ray of coarctation of aortic shows –

Answer 24

abnormal aortic knob

Question 25

treatment of coarctation of aortic

Answer 25

surgery

Question 26

tetralogy of fallot

Answer 26

pulmonary stenosis
VSD
overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy

Question 27

tetralogy of fallot leads to –

Answer 27

R to L shunt and cyanosis

Question 28

treatment of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 28

surgery

Question 29

overriding aorta shifted towards – and open to both R and L ventricles

Answer 29

RV

Question 30

CHD complications seen with severe L to R shunting

Answer 30

CHF

Question 31

CHF is more likely with –

Answer 31

myocardial dysfunction and valvular regurgitation

Question 32

What causes cyanosis?

Answer 32

arterial oxygen desaturation from shunting

Question 33

erythrocytosis is caused by –

Answer 33

hypoxemia

Question 34

erythrocytosis triggers –

Answer 34

hyperviscosity (poor perfusion)
bleeding
renal dysfunction

Question 35

paradoxical cerebral emboli is seen in –

Answer 35

R to L shunting

Question 36

paradoxical cerebral emboli results in –

Answer 36

stroke or TIA

Question 37

What causes pulmonary HTN?

Answer 37

increased pulmonary blood flow

Question 38

some CHD require –

Answer 38

AB prophylaxis

Question 39

mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 39

shunting